Frailty, mortality, and the demand for medical care

Arking, 2006 Bloom, 2014, Optimal retirement with increasing longevity, Scand. J. Econ., 116, 838, 10.1111/sjoe.12060 Bongaarts, 2005, Long-range trends in adult mortality: models and projection methods, Demography, 42, 23, 10.1353/dem.2005.0003 Brunner, 2002, Solution of perfect foresight saddlepoint problems: a simple method and applications, J. Econ. Dyn. Control, 26, 737, 10.1016/S0165-1889(00)00078-6 BLS, 2011. State average annual pay for 2000 and 2001. United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (<http://www.bls.gov/news.release/annpay.t01.htm>) Chang, 1996, Uncertainty and investment in health, J. Health Econ., 15, 369, 10.1016/0167-6296(96)00006-9 Costa, 2004, Changes in the value of life, 1940–1980, J. Risk Uncertainty, 29, 159, 10.1023/B:RISK.0000038942.18349.88 Cropper, 1977, Health, investment in health, and occupational choice, J. Political Econ., 85, 1273, 10.1086/260637 Dalgaard, C.-J., Strulik, H., 2012. The Genesis of the Golden Age - Accounting for the Rise in Health and Leisure, University of Copenhagen Discussion Paper 12-10. Dalgaard, 2014, Optimal aging and death, J. Eur. Econ. Assoc., 12, 672, 10.1111/jeea.12071 Dalgaard, C.-J., Strulik, H., 2014b. The Economics of Health Demand and Human Aging: Health Capital vs. Health Deficits, Discussion Paper, University of Goettingen. Dardanoni, 1987, Uncertainty, inequalities in health and the demand for health, J. Health Econ., 6, 283, 10.1016/0167-6296(87)90016-6 Deaton, 1997 D’Albis, 2012, Mortality transition and differential incentives for early retirement, J. Econ. Theory, 147, 261, 10.1016/j.jet.2011.11.004 Ehrlich, 1990, A model of the demand for longevity and the value of life extension, J. Political Econ., 98, 761, 10.1086/261705 Ehrlich, 2000, Uncertain lifetime, life protection, and the value of life saving, J. Health Econ., 19, 341, 10.1016/S0167-6296(99)00030-2 Ehrlich, 2005, Explaining diversities in age-specific life expectancies and values of life saving: a numerical analysis, J. Risk Uncertainty, 31, 129, 10.1007/s11166-005-3552-9 Fries, 1980, Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity, N. Engl. J. Med., 303, 130, 10.1056/NEJM198007173030304 Gavrilov, 1991 Grossman, 1972, On the concept of health capital and the demand for health, J. Political Econ., 80, 223, 10.1086/259880 Grossman, M., 2000. The human capital model. In: Handbook of Health Economics, vol. 1, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 347–408. Hall, 2007, The value of life and the rise in health spending, Quart. J. Econ., 122, 39, 10.1162/qjec.122.1.39 Harttgen, 2013, Patterns of frailty in older adults: comparing results from higher and lower income countries using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE), PLOS One, 8, e75847, 10.1371/journal.pone.0075847 Heijdra, 2008, A life-cycle overlapping-generations model of the small open economy, Oxford Econ. Pap., 60, 88, 10.1093/oep/gpm009 Heijdra, 2009, Retirement, pensions, and ageing, J. Public Econ., 93, 586, 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.10.009 Kamien, 1980 Laporte, 2007, Investment in health when health is stochastic, J. Popul. Econ., 20, 423, 10.1007/s00148-006-0068-9 Liljas, 1998, The demand for health with uncertainty and insurance, J. Health Econ., 17, 153, 10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00021-0 Kuhn, 2015, Optimal choice of health and retirement in a life-cycle model, J. Econ. Theory, 158(A), 186, 10.1016/j.jet.2015.04.006 Manton, 2006, Long-term trends in life expectancy and active life expectancy in the United States, Popul. Dev. Rev., 32, 81, 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00106.x Meara, 2004, Trends in medical spending by age, 1963–2000, Health Aff., 23, 176, 10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.176 Mitnitski, 2002, The accumulation of deficits with age and possible invariants of aging, Sci. World, 2, 1816 Mitnitski, 2002, The mortality rate as a function of accumulated deficits in a frailty index, Mech. Ageing Dev., 123, 1457, 10.1016/S0047-6374(02)00082-9 Mitnitski, 2005, Relative fitness and frailty of elderly men and women in developed countries and their relationship with mortality, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 53, 2184, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00506.x Mitnitski, 2006, Going from bad to worse: a stochastic model of transitions in deficit accumulation, in relation to mortality, Mech. Ageing Dev., 127, 490, 10.1016/j.mad.2006.01.007 Muurinen, 1982, Demand for health: a generalised Grossman model, J. Health Econ., 1, 5, 10.1016/0167-6296(82)90019-4 Murphy, 2006, The value of health and longevity, J. Political Econ., 114, 871, 10.1086/508033 NCHS, 1980. National Center for Health Statistics: Vital Statistics of the United States, 7980, vol. 11, Section 6, Life Tables. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 84–1104. Public Health Service, Washington. Picone, 1998, The effect of uncertainty on the demand for medical care, health capital and wealth, J. Health Econ., 17, 171, 10.1016/S0167-6296(97)00028-3 Selden, 1993, Uncertainty and health care spending by the poor: the health capital model revisited, J. Health Econ., 12, 109, 10.1016/0167-6296(93)90043-E Strulik, H., 2011. Health and Education: Understanding the Gradient. Discussion Paper, University of Hannover. Strulik, H., 2015. A closed-form solution for the health capital model. J. Demographic Econ. (forthcoming). Strulik, 2013, Long-run trends of human aging and longevity, J. Popul. Econ., 26, 1303, 10.1007/s00148-012-0459-z Strulik, H., Werner, K., 2013. 50 is the New 30 – Long-run Trends of Schooling and Retirement Explained by Human Aging. University of Goettingen Cege, Discussion Paper 152. Wagstaff, 1986, The demand for health: some new empirical evidence, J. Health Econ., 5, 195, 10.1016/0167-6296(86)90015-9