Fractional distillation of biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae: Upgrading of fuel properties

Baicha, 2016, A critical review on microalgae as an alternative source for bioenergy production: a promising low cost substrate for microbial fuel cells, Fuel Process. Technol., 154, 104, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.08.017 Fan, 2020, Algal biorefinery to value-added products by using combined processes based on thermochemical conversion: a review, Algal Res., 47, 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101819 Taghipour, 2021, Fractional distillation of algae based hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude for co-processing: changes in the properties, storage stability, and miscibility with diesel, Energy Convers. Manag., 236, 10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114005 Bennion, 2015, Lifecycle assessment of microalgae to biofuel: comparison of thermochemical processing pathways, Appl. Energy, 154, 1062, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.009 Leng, 2018, Bio-oil upgrading by emulsification/microemulsification: a review, Energy, 161, 214, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.117 Watson, 2020, Valorization of hydrothermal liquefaction aqueous phase: pathways towards commercial viability, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 77, 10.1016/j.pecs.2019.100819 López Barreiro, 2015, Cultivation of microalgae with recovered nutrients after hydrothermal liquefaction, Algal Res., 9, 99, 10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.007 Zheng, 2017, Anaerobic digestion of wastewater generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of spirulina: toxicity assessment and minimization, Energy Convers. Manag., 141, 420, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.034 Taghipour, 2019, A review of fractional distillation to improve hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude characteristics; future outlook and prospects, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 115, 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109355 Hoffmann, 2016, Co-processing potential of HTL bio-crude at petroleum refineries - part 1: fractional distillation and characterization, Fuel, 165, 526, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.094 Pedersen, 2017, Full characterization of compounds obtained from fractional distillation and upgrading of a HTL biocrude, Appl. Energy, 202, 408, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.167 Eboibi, 2014, Hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae for biocrude production: improving the biocrude properties with vacuum distillation, Bioresour. Technol., 174, 212, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.029 Watson, 2021, Towards transportation fuel production from food waste: potential of biocrude oil distillates for gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, Fuel, 301, 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121028 Diao, 2021, The valorization of co-pyrolysis bio-oil derived from bio-oil distillation residue and walnut shell via coupling fractional condensation and lyophilization, J. Clean. Prod., 294, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126263 Campuzano, 2021, On the distillation of waste tire pyrolysis oil: a structural characterization of the derived fractions, Fuel, 290, 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.120041 Mante, 2016, Production and distillative recovery of valuable lignin-derived products from biocrude, RSC Adv., 6, 94247, 10.1039/C6RA21134H Junming, 2008, Bio-oil upgrading by means of ethyl ester production in reactive distillation to remove water and to improve storage and fuel characteristics, Biomass Bioenergy, 32, 1056, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.02.002 Capunitan, 2013, Characterization and separation of corn stover bio-oil by fractional distillation, Fuel, 112, 60, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.079 Aslam, 2015, True boiling point distillation and product quality assessment of biocrude obtained from Mesua ferrea L. seed oil via hydroprocessing, Clean Technol. Environ.Policy, 17, 175, 10.1007/s10098-014-0774-z Choi, 2017, Characteristics of vacuum fractional distillation from pyrolytic macroalgae (Saccharina japonica) bio-oil, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 51, 206, 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.03.002 Lavanya, 2016, Hydrothermal liquefaction of freshwater and marine algal biomass: a novel approach to produce distillate fuel fractions through blending and co-processing of biocrude with petrocrude, Bioresour. Technol., 203, 228, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.013 Jensen, 2015, Co-processing potential of HTL bio-crude at petroleum refineries. Part 1: fractional distillation and characterization, Fuel, 165, 536, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.047 Leng, 2022, Co-liquefaction of chlorella and soybean straw for production of bio-crude: effects of reusing aqueous phase as the reaction medium, Sci. Total Environ., 820, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153348 Liu, 2022, Co-hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and protein with aqueous phase recirculation: insight into the reaction mechanisms on hydrochar formation, Energy, 251, 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123965 Li, 2021, Machine learning aided bio-oil production with high energy recovery and low nitrogen content from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass with experiment verification, Chem. Eng. J., 425 Liu, 2018, Effect of hydrothermal carbonization on migration and environmental risk of heavy metals in sewage sludge during pyrolysis, Bioresour. Technol., 247, 282, 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.090 Leng, 2020, Aqueous phase recirculation during hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae and soybean straw: a comparison study, Bioresour. Technol., 298, 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122502 Toor, 2011, Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: a review of subcritical water technologies, Energy, 36, 2328, 10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.013 Qian, 2020, Fast and isothermal hydrothermal liquefaction of sludge at different severities: reaction products, pathways, and kinetics, Appl. Energy, 260, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114312 Lu, 2022, Elemental migration and transformation during hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, J. Hazard. Mater., 423, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126961 Li, 2020, Combustion and pyrolysis characteristics of hydrochar prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of typical food waste: influence of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, EnergyFuels, 34, 430 Zheng, 2020, Migration and transformation of phosphorus during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: focusing on the role of pH and calcium additive and the transformation mechanism, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8, 7806, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00031 Hable, 2019, Simultaneous solid and biocrude product transformations from the hydrothermal treatment of high pH-induced flocculated algae at varying Ca concentrations, Algal Res., 40, 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101501 He, 2013, Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization: hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior, Appl. Energy, 111, 257, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.084 Muthuraman, 2010, Characteristics of co-combustion and kinetic study on hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste with different rank coals: a thermogravimetric analysis, Appl. Energy, 87, 141, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.08.004 Wang, 2014, Hydrothermal treatment coupled with mechanical expression at increased temperature for excess sludge dewatering: influence of operating conditions and the process energetics, Water Res., 65, 85, 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.020 Leng, 2020, Nitrogen in bio-oil produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: a review, Chem. Eng. J., 401, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126030 Zheng, 2019, Comparative study on pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis upgrading of biomass model compounds: thermochemical behaviors, kinetics, and aromatic hydrocarbon formation, J. Energy Inst., 92, 1348, 10.1016/j.joei.2018.09.006 Tasca, 2019, Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: a critical analysis of process severity, hydrochar properties and environmental implications, Waste Manag., 93, 1, 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.027 Yu, 2014, Nutrient flows and quality of bio-crude oil produced via catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of low-lipid microalgae, Bioenergy Res., 7, 1317, 10.1007/s12155-014-9471-3 Diao, 2022, Strategic valorization of bio-oil distillation sludge via gasification: a comparative study for reactivities, kinetics, prediction and ash deposition, Chem. Eng. J., 433, 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134334 Wang, 2012, KOH activation of carbon-based materials for energy storage, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 23710, 10.1039/c2jm34066f He, 2021, Transformation behaviors and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals during resource recovery from Sedum plumbizincicola via hydrothermal liquefaction, J. Hazard. Mater., 410, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124588 Li, 2018, Hydrothermal liquefaction of typical livestock manures in China: biocrude oil production and migration of heavy metals, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 135, 133, 10.1016/j.jaap.2018.09.010 Jiang, 2020, Study on the bio-oil characterization and heavy metals distribution during the aqueous phase recycling in the hydrothermal liquefaction of As-enriched Pteris vittata L, Bioresour. Technol., 317, 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124031