Forward osmosis treatment of drilling mud and fracturing wastewater from oil and gas operations

2009, Ground Water Protection Council and ALL Consulting, Modern shale gas development in the United States: a primer

Hutchings, 2010, Making high quality frac water out of oilfield waste

Kerr, 2010, Natural gas from shale bursts onto the scene, Science, 328, 1624, 10.1126/science.328.5986.1624

EPA, 2011, Investigation of ground water contamination near Pavillion

Thakre, 2011

2011

Veil, 2003

Gupta, 2009, Frac fluid recycling and water conservation: a case history

Cath, 2006, Forward osmosis: principles, applications, and recent developments, J. Membr. Sci., 281, 70, 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.048

Achilli, 2009, The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: a low fouling alternative to MBR processes, Desalination, 239, 10, 10.1016/j.desal.2008.02.022

Cartinella, 2006, Removal of natural steroid hormones from wastewater using membrane contactor processes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 7381, 10.1021/es060550i

Cornelissen, 2008, Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge, J. Membr. Sci., 319, 158, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.048

Hancock, 2011, A comprehensive bench- and pilot-scale investigation of trace organic compound rejection by forward osmosis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8483, 10.1021/es201654k

Hoover, 2011, Forward with osmosis: emerging applications for greater sustainability, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9824, 10.1021/es202576h

McCutcheon, 2006, Desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: influence of draw and feed solution concentrations on process performance, J. Membr. Sci., 278, 114, 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.10.048

Valladares Linares, 2011, Rejection of micropollutants by clean and fouled forward osmosis membrane, Water Res., 45, 6737, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.037

York, 1999, Full-scale experience of direct osmosis concentration applied to leachate management

Cath, 2010, A novel hybrid forward osmosis – reverse osmosis process for water purification and reuse using impaired water and saline water, 16

McCutcheon, 2005, A novel ammonia–carbon dioxide forward (direct) osmosis desalination process, Desalination, 174, 1, 10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.002

McGinnis, 2007, Energy requirements of ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis desalination, Desalination, 207, 370, 10.1016/j.desal.2006.08.012

Cath, 2005, Membrane contactor processes for wastewater reclamation in space: part I. Direct osmotic concentration as pretreatment for reverse osmosis, J. Membr. Sci., 257, 85, 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.08.039

Cath, 2010, A multi-barrier osmotic dilution process for simultaneous desalination and purification of impaired water, J. Membr. Sci., 362, 417, 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.056

Hancock, 2012, A comparative life cycle assessment of hybrid osmotic dilution desalination and established seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation processes, Water Res., 10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.004

HTI

Hancock, 2009, Solute coupled diffusion in osmotically driven processes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6769, 10.1021/es901132x

Hancock, 2011, Bidirectional permeation of electrolytes in osmotically driven membrane processes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10642, 10.1021/es202608y

Phillip, 2010, Reverse draw solute permeation in forward osmosis: modeling and experiments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5170, 10.1021/es100901n

Mi, 2010, Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents, J. Membr. Sci., 348, 337, 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.021

Holloway, 2007, Forward osmosis for concentration of anaerobic digester centrate, Water Res., 41, 4005, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.054

Sagiv, 2008, Osmotic backwash mechanism of reverse osmosis membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 322, 225, 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.05.055

Sagiv, 2010, Parameters affecting backwash variables of RO membranes, Desalination, 261, 347, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.012

Hudson, 2007, Fluorescence analysis of dissolved organic matter in natural, waste and polluted waters—a review, River Res. Appl., 23, 631, 10.1002/rra.1005

Zepp, 2004, Dissolved organic fluorophores in southeastern US coastal waters: correction method for eliminating Rayleigh and Raman scattering peaks in excitation–emission matrices, Mar. Chem., 89, 15, 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.02.006

Boo, 2012, Colloidal fouling in forward osmosis: role of reverse salt diffusion, J. Membr. Sci., 390–391, 277, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.001

EPA