Food habits and distribution of the fishes of Tuckahoe Creek, Virginia, with special emphasis on the bluegill,Lepomis m. macrochirus rafinesque
Tóm tắt
The food habits (1,773 individuals) and the distribution (2,056 individuals) of 9 families, 26 genera, and 32 species of fishes, were determined for Tuckahoe Creek, a lower piedmont tributary of the James River, Virginia. These species represent 41% of the freshwater fishes known for the entire river basin. Five species accounted for 69% of the collection:Etheostoma nigrum (20%),Lepomis macrochirus (18%),Hybopsis leptocephala (15%),Notropis cornutus (11%), andAphredoderus sayanus (5%). Within the upper twothirds of the creek there was a trend for the number of species to increase in a downstream direction. Stomach contents of 273L. macrochirus were mainly insects (65%) and crustaceans (29%). Tendipedids and copepods were particularly important food items although the bluegill consumed a wide variety of animal forms. The selection was a probable reflection of the general availability of potential food. Young fish (0 and 1 age-groups) fed more often on microcrustaceans and dipteran larvae while older fish consumed a higher percentage of coleopterans and hymenopterans. Analysis of stomach contents of other centrarchids showed significant differences. Hemipterans dominated the diet ofCentrarchus macropterus and were important food items forChaenobryttus gulosus. Entomostracans formed the bulk of the diet ofEnneacanthus gloriosus and decapods were eaten primarily byC. gulosus. The largest percentage of coleopterans was taken byLepomis auritus. The cyprinids were represented by all types of feeders.Notropis cornutus was a true omnivore (feeding equally on plant and animal matter) andH. leptocephala selected a diet primarily of plant material. Dipteran larvae dominated the diet of the percid,E. nigrum (78% of total items) and the pirate perch,A. sayanus (53%).Gambusia affinis fed mainly on Hemiptera (34%). The catostomids consumed predominantly microscopic plants. Specimens ofEsox niger less than 74 mm SL ate insects more often (48% as opposed to 16% in larger fish), whereas larger specimens fed on fishes (63% as opposed to 30% in the smaller forms).
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bailey, Reeve M. andH. M. Harrison. 1948. Food habits of the southern channel catfish (Ictalurus lacustris punctatus) in the Des Moines River, Iowa.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 75:110–138.
Ball, R. C. 1948. Relationships between available fish food, feeding habits of fish and total fish production in a Michigan Lake.Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 206:2–259.
Ball, R. C. and H. A. Tanner. 1951. The biological effects of fertilizer on a warm water lake.Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 223.
Barnickol, P. G. 1941. Food habits ofGambusia affinis from Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, with special references to malaria control.Tenn. Acad. Sci. 6(1):5–13.
Bennett, G. W., D. H. Thompson, andS. A. Parr. 1940. Lake management reports, 4. A second year of fisheries investigations at Fork Lake, 1939.Ill. Nat. Hist. Sur. Biol. Notes. 14:1–24.
Breder, C. M., Jr. andD. R. Crawford. 1922. The food of certain minnows. A study of the seasonal dietary cycle of six cyprinids with especial reference to fish culture.Zoologica 2:287–327. figs. 30.
Burton, G. W. andE. P. Odum. 1945. The distribution of stream fish in the vicinity of Mountain Lake, Virginia.Ecology 26:182–194.
Chable, A. C. 1947. A study of the food habits and ecological relationships of the sunfishes of northern Florida. Master thesis, Univ. of Fla. Library. Referred toin: Huish, M. T. 1958. Food habits of three Centrarchidae in Lake George, Florida. Presented at the 11th annual meeting, Southeastern Assoc. of Game and Fish Comm., October, 1957, Mobile, Ala.Southeastern Assoc. Game and Fish Comm., p. 293–302.
Clark, C. F. 1949. New records of the pirateperch,Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams) in central-western Ohio.Copeia. (3):219–220.
Copper, Gerald P. 1937. Food habits, rate of growth and cannibalism of young largemouth bass,Aplites salmoides, in state operated rearing ponds in Michigan during 1935.Trans. Amer. Fish Soc., 66th Ann. Meeting, Grand Rapids, Mich. p. 242–266.
Cope, E. D. 1869. On the distribution of fresh-water fishes in the Allegheny region of southwestern Virginia.J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Ser. 2, 6:207–247.
Darnell, R. M. 1958. Food habits of fishes and larger invertebrates of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, an estuarine community.Inst. Mar. Sci., Univ. Texas. 5:353–416.
De Ryke, W. 1922. The food of fishes of Winona Lake.Dept. Cons., State of Indiana, Publ. No. 29:7–48.
Forbes, S. A. 1880. The food of the darters.Amer. Nat. 14:697–703.
— 1888. On the food relations of fresh-water fishes: A summary and discussion.Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 2(8):475–538.
—. 1908. The fishes of Illinois.Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 3:1–357.
Gerking, Shelby D. 1954. The food turnover of a bluegill population.Ecology 35(4):490–498.
— 1962. Production and food utilization in a population of bluegill sunfish.Ecol. Monogr. 32:31–78.
Gilbert, Carter R. 1961.Notropis semperasper, a new cyprinid fish from the upper James River System, Virginia.Copeia (4)450–456.
Hildebrand, Samuel F. 1921. Top minnows in relation to malaria control, with notes on their habits and distribution.U. S. Public Health Service Bull. No. 114-1-34.
—. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay.Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 43(1) (1927):1–366.
Howell, H. H., H. S. Swingle, andB. V. Smith. 1941. Bass and bream food in Alabama waters.Alabama Cons. 1(4):3.
Hunt, Burton P. 1952. Food relationships between Florida spotted gar and other organisms in the Tamiami Canal, Dade County, Florida.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 82:13–33.
Karr, J. R. 1963. Age, growth and food habits of Johnny, Slenderhead and Blacksided Darters of Boone County, Iowa.Iowa Acad. Sci. 70:228–236.
Krumholz, L. A. 1956. Observations on the fish populations of a lake contaminated by radioactive wastes.Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 110: 281–367.
Kuehne, R. A. 1962. A classification of streams, illustrated by fish distribution in an eastern Kentucky Creek.Ecology 43:608–614.
Lachner, Ernest A. 1950. The comparative food habits of the cyprinid fishesNocomis biguttatus, andNocomis micropogon in western New York.Wash. Acad. Sci. 40(7):229–236.
Leonard, J. W. 1940. Further observations on the feeding habits of the Montana grayling (Thymallus montanus) and the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in Ford Lake, Michigan.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 69:244–256.
McCormick, Elizabeth M. 1940. A study of the food of some Reelfoot Lake fishes.J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 15:64–75.
Meyers, C. D. andR. J. Muncy. 1962. Summer food and growth of chain pickerel,Esox niger, in brackish waters of the Severn River, Maryland.Ches. Sci. 3:125–128.
Moffet, J. S. andBurton, P. Hunt. 1943. Winter feeding habits of bluegills,Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, and yellow perch,Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in Cedar Lake, Washtenaw County, Michigan.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 73: 231–242.
Morgan, G. D. 1954. The life history of the white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) of Buckeye Lake, Ohio.J. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ. 43:Arts 6,7,8.
Outten, L. M. 1957. A study of the life history of the cyprinid fishNotropis coccogenis.J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 73(1):68–84.
— 1958. Studies of the life history of the cyprinid fishesNotropis galacturus andrubricroceus.J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 74(2):122–134.
Parks, C. E. 1949. The summer food of some game fishes of Winona Lake.Invest. Ind. Lakes and Streams. 3:235–245.
Pearse, A. S. 1918. The food of the shore fishes of certain Wisconsin lakes.Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 35:245–292.
Pennak, Robert W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. The Ronald Press. New York:xi-769, figs. 470.
Pfeiffer, R. A. 1955. Studies on the life history of the rosyface shiner,Notropis rubellus.Copeia (2):95–104.
Raney, Edward C. 1942. The summer food and habits of the chain pickerel (Esox niger) of a small New York pond.J. Wild. Mgmt. 6(1):58–66.
Raney, Edward C. 1950. Freshwater fishes. p. 151–194.In: The James River Basin; Past, Present and Future. Va. Acad. Sci. 843 p.
—. 1940. The food and growth of the young of the common bull-head,Ameiurus nebulosus nebulosus (LeSueur), in Cayuga Lake, New York.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 69 (1939):205–209.
Reed, Roger J. 1957. Phases of the life history of the rosyface shiner,Notropis rubellus, in northwestern Pennsylvania.Copeia (3):286–290.
Reid, G. K., Jr. 1950. Food of the black crappie,Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur) in Orange Lake, Florida.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 79(1949): 145–154.
Reigard, Jacob. 1915. An ecological reconnaissance of the fishes of Douglas Lake, Cheboyan County, Michigan, in mid-summer.Bull. of U. S. Bur. Fish. 35(1913):215–249.
Rice, L. S. 1941. The food of six Reelfoot Lake fishes in 1940.J. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 16(1):22–26.
Starrett, W. C. 1950. Food relationships of the minnows of the Des Moines River, Iowa.Ecology 31(2):216–233.
Stewart, Norman H. 1927. Development, growth, and food habits of the white sucker,Catostomus commersonii (LeSueur).Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 42(1926):147–183.
Surber, Eugene W. 1941. A quantitative study of the food of the smallmouth black bass,Micropterus dolomieu, in three eastern streams.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 70:311–334.
Turner, W. R. 1955. Food habits of the bluegillLepomis macrochirus macrochirus (Rafinesque), in eighteen Kentucky farm ponds during April and May.Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 16(4): 98–101.
Webster, Dwight A. 1942. Food progression in young white perch,Morone americana (Gmelin), from Bantam Lake, Conn.Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 72:136–144.
— 1944. Notes on the food of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) in Columbia Lake, Connecticut.Copeia (2):125–126.