Food availability and the feeding ecology of ichthyofauna of a Ria Formosa (South Portugal) water reservoir
Tóm tắt
The feeding habits of several fish species in a water reservoir of the Ria Formosa, Portugal, that has similar ecological characteristics to the outside tidal channels, were studied and compared with food availability. The gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the most abundant fish species, mainly selected gastropods and bivalves, although occasionally fish and small crustaceans such as tanaids, ostracods, and cumaceans were also selected. Polychaetes, although abundant in the environment, were not particularly selected by any of the fish species studied. The diets of all the species studied were characterized by a large variety of prey, allowing them to survive in environments of low diversity and poor stability, such as coastal lagoons. These fish are largely benthic feeders, essentially eating the epimacroinvertebrates and endomacroinvertebrates and, occasionally, fish.Diplodus vulgaris andDiplodus annularis preferentially selected gastropods and small crustaceans.Spondyliosoma cantharus generally preyed on crustaceans, including the highly mobile epifauma, the mysids, and decapods.Halobatrachus didactylus andAnguilla anguilla, had very diversified diets that included fish.Mullus barbatus were found to have selected all groups of crustaceans and also bivalves. Wrasses, gobies, andDiplodus sargus, all small-sized fish, singled out small crustaceans, gastropods, and bivalves. The Sparids were the least specialized predators, with broader niches than the other species. They preferentially selected molluscs, which were abundant in the environment. A large overlap of diets was observed and competition may be important when fish biomass is high.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arias, A. M. 1980. Crescimiento, regimen alimentario y reproduccion de la dourada (Sparus aurata L.) y del robalo (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) en los esteros de Cádiz.Investigation Pesqueira 44:59–83.
Arias, A. M. andP. Drake. 1987. Evolution de las condiciones fisicoquínicas y biológicas de un estero y su relación con los ciclos de estancamiento y renovación del agua.Investigation Pesqueira 55:79–95.
Assis, M. E., M. A. M. Sampayo, andM. H. Vilela. 1984. Ria de Faro-Olhão. I—Pigmentos e formas plactónicas predominantes (Maio 1972-Maio 1973).Cuadernos da Área de Ciencias Marinas, Seminario de Estuados Galegos 1:217–236.
Caragitsou, E. andN. Tsimenidis. 1982. Seasonal changes of food spectrum and day-time rhythm of feeding of the red mullet (Mullus barbatus) in the Thracian Sea.thalassographica 5:101–115.
Cardenas, S. 1977. Regimen alimenticio del SapoHalobatrachus didactylus (Schneider 1801) (Pisces, Batrachoididae) en la bahia de Cadiz (Espana sudoccidental).Vie et Milieu 27:111–129.
Carp, E. (ed.), 1972. Proceedings, international Conference on the Conservation of Wetlands and Waterfowl—Ramsar, Iran, 30 January–3 February 1971. International Wildfowl Research Bureau, Slimbridge, U.K.
Clément, O. andC. Rigaud. 1986. L'aquaculture dans les marais salants de l'Ouest de la France.Aqua Revue 4:15–18.
Cunha, M. E. andM. C. Massapina. 1984. Contribution to the zooplankton community analysis of the Ria Formosa de Faro-Olhäo.Cuadernos da Área de Ciencias Marinas, Seminario de Estudos Galegos 1:237–250.
Cunha, M. R., J. C. Sorbe, andM. H. Moreira. 1999. Spatial and seasonal changes of brackish peracaridan assemblages and their relation to some environmental variables in two tidal channels of the Ria de Aveiro (NW Portugal).Marine Ecology Progress Series 190:69–87.
Drake, P. andA. M. Arias. 1989. Hábitos alimentarios de estados juveniles de peces en los caños de salinas de la bahía de Cádiz (S.O. de España), p. 249–257.In M. Yúfera (ed.), Acuicultura Intermareal. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cádiz, Spain.
Eisawy, A. andE. Wassef. 1984. Preliminary surveys on rearing of the gilthead seabream,Sparus aurata L. in brackish water ponds.Aquaculture 38:355–360.
Falcão, M. M., J. L. Pissarra, andM. H. Cavaco. 1991. Características químico-biológicas da Ria formosa: Análise de um ciclo anual (1985–1986)Relatório do Instituto Nacional de Investigação das Pescas 16:5–21.
Ferrari, I. andA. R. Chieregato. 1981. Feeding habits of juvenile stages ofSparus auratus L.,Dicentrarchus labrax L. andmugilidae in a brackish embayment of the Po river delta.Aquaculture 25:243–257.
Gamito, S. 1994. The benthic ecology of some Ria Formosa lagoons, with reference to the potential for production of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Ph. D. Dissertation, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
Gamito, S. 1997. Sustainable management of a coastal lagoonal system (Ria Formosa, Portugal): An ecological model for extensive aquaculture.International Journal of Salt Lake Research 6:145–173.
Gamito, S., J. C. Wallace, andD. Raffaelli. 1997. An observation of prey selection by hatchery-reared juveniles ofSparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) in a salina water reservoir of Ria Formosa (Portugal).Publicaiones Especiales Instituto Español de Oceanografía 23:171–179.
Gonçalves, J. M. S. andK. Erzini. 1998. Feeding habits of the two-banded sea bream (Diplodus vulgaris) and the black sea bream (Spondyliosoma cantharus) (Sparidae) from the southwest coast of Portugal.Cybium 22:245–254.
Kohler, C. C. andJ. N. Ney. 1982. A comparison of methods for quantitative analysis of feeding selection of fishes.Environmental Biology of Fishes 7:363–368.
Krebs, C. J. 1998. Ecological methodology, 2nd edition. Addison-Welsey Educational Publishers, Menlo Park, California.
Krom, M. D., C. Porter, andH. Gordin. 1985. Causes of fish mortalities in semi-intensively operated seawater ponds in Eilat, Israel.Aquaculture 49:159–177.
Labropoulou, M. 1997. The feeding ecology of two sympatricMullus species in Iraklion Bay. 15–18 April 1997, Kavala, Greece.Fifth Hellenic Symposium on Oceanography and Fisheries 67–70.
Laffaille, P., J.-C. Lefeuvre, M.-T. Schricke, andE. Feunteun. 2001. Feeding ecology of 0-group sea bass,Dicentrarchus labrax, in salt marshes of Mont Saint Michel Bay (France).Estuaries 24:116–125.
Lecomte-Finiger, R. 1983. Regime alimentaire des civelles et anguillettes (Anguilla anguilla) dans trois etangs saumatres du Roussillon.Bulletin d'Ecologie 14:297–306.
Lock, K. andJ. Mees. 1999. The winter hyperbenthos of the Ria Formosa—A lagoon in southern Portugal—And adjacent waters.Cahiers de Biologie Marine 40:47–56.
Monteiro, C. 1989. La faune ichtyologique de la Ria Formosa; organisation spatio-temporelle. Thèse Doctorat. Université de Montpellier. Montepellier, France.
Monteiro, C., T. L. Hoai, andG. Lasserre. 1987. Distribution chronologique des poissons dans deux stations de la lagune Ria Formosa (Portugal).Oceanologica Acta 10:359–371.
Monteiro, C., G. Lassere, andT. L. Hoai. 1990. Organisation spatiale des communautés ichtyologiques, de la lagune Ria Formosa (Portugal).Oceanologica Acta 13:79–96.
Paine, R. T. 1996. Preface, p. ix-x.In G. A. Polis and K. O. Winemiller (eds.), Food Webs. Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Pilkey, Jr.,O. H., W. J. Neal, J. H. Monteiro, andJ. M. A. Dias. 1989. Algarve barrier islands: A noncoastal-plain system in Portugal.Journal of Coastal Research 5:239–261.
Pita, C., S. Gamito, andK. Erzini. 2002. Feeding habits of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) from the Ria Formosa (southern Portugal) as compared to the black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus) and the annular seabream (Diplodus annularis).Journal of Applied Ichthyology 18:1–6.
Roblin, C. andJ. Brusle. 1984. Le régime alimentaire des alevins et juveniles de loup (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) des lagunes littorales du Golfe du Lion (Etangs Roussillonais, France).Vie et Milieu 34:195–207.
Rosecchi, E. 1987. L'alimentation deDiplodus annularis, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris etSparus aurata (Pisces, Sparidae) dans le Golf de Lion et les lagunes littorales.Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes 49:125–141.
Sprung, M. 1994a. Macrobenthic secondary production in the intertidal zone of the Ria Formosa—A lagoon in Southern Portugal.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 38:539–558.
Sprung, M. 1994b. High larval abundances in the Ria Formosa (southern Portugal)—Methodological or local effect?Journal of Plankton Research 16:151–160.
Tokeshi, M. 1999. Species Coexistence. Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K.
Vassilopoulou, V. and C. Parpaconstantinou. 1997. Preliminary data on the diet of striped mullet (Mullus surmulelus) in the North Aegean sea. 15–18 April 1997, Kavala, Greece,Fifth Hellenic Symposium on Ocenaography and Fisheries 63–66.
Wassef, E. andA. Eisawy. 1985. Food and feeding habits of wild and reared gilthead breamSparus aurata L.Cybium 9:233–242.
Welschmeyer, N. A. 1994. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophylla in the presence of chlorophyllb and pheopigments.Limnology and Oceanography 39:1985–1992.
Winberg, G. G. 1971. Methods for Estimation of Production of Aquatic Animals. Academic Press, London, U.K.