Fondaparinux upregulates thrombomodulin and the endothelial protein C receptor during early-stage reperfusion in a rat model of myocardial infarction

Murray, 1997, Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, 349, 1498, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2 Kennedy, 1995, Optimal management of acute myocardial infarction requires early and complete reperfusion, Circulation, 91, 1905, 10.1161/01.CIR.91.7.1905 Piper, 1998, A fresh look at reperfusion injury, Cardiovasc. Res., 38, 291, 10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00033-9 Lacerda, 2009, Ischaemic postconditioning protects against reperfusion injury via the SAFE pathway, Cardiovasc. Res., 84, 201, 10.1093/cvr/cvp274 Yan, 1999, Hypoxia/hypoxemia-induced activation of the procoagulant pathways and the pathogenesis of ischemia-associated thrombosis, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 2029, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.9.2029 Chambers, 2002, Coagulation cascade proteases and tissue fibrosis, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 30, 194, 10.1042/bst0300194 Cassie, 2004, Ischemia/reperfusion induces the recruitment of leukocytes from whole blood under flow conditions, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 36, 1102, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.02.007 Colognato, 2003, Differential expression and regulation of protease-activated receptors in human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells, Blood, 102, 2645, 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2497 Erlich, 2000, Inhibition of the tissue factor–thrombin pathway limits infarct size after myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by reducing inflammation, Am. J. Pathol., 157, 1849, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64824-9 Thuillier, 2010, Thrombin inhibition during kidney ischemia–reperfusion reduces chronic graft inflammation and tubular atrophy, Transplantation, 90, 612, 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181d72117 Turpie, 2003, Fondaparinux, the first selective factor Xa inhibitor, Curr. Opin. Hematol., 10, 327, 10.1097/00062752-200309000-00001 Frank, 2005, The synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux reduces coagulation, inflammation and neutrophil accumulation in kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury, J. Thromb. Haemost., 3, 531, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01188.x Macchi, 2014, The synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux attenuates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats via STAT-3, Shock, 41, 166, 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000072 Tamareille, 2011, RISK and SAFE signaling pathway interactions in remote limb ischemic perconditioning in combination with local ischemic postconditioning, Basic Res. Cardiol., 106, 1329, 10.1007/s00395-011-0210-z Yuan, 2006, Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data, BMC Bioinf., 7, 85, 10.1186/1471-2105-7-85 Loubele, 2010, Anticoagulant therapy in critical organ ischaemia/reperfusion injury, Thromb. Haemost., 104, 136, 10.1160/TH09-08-0582 Montaigne, 2008, The synthetic pentasaccharide fondaparinux prevents coronary microvascular injury and myocardial dysfunction in the ischemic heart, Thromb. Haemost., 100, 912, 10.1160/TH08-04-0230 Frank, 2006, A non-anticoagulant synthetic pentasaccharide reduces inflammation in a murine model of kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury, Thromb. Haemost., 96, 802, 10.1160/TH06-07-0418 Loubele, 2009, Active site inhibited factor VIIa attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, J. Thromb. Haemost., 7, 290, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03232.x Gedik, 2012, Protective effect of heparin in the end organ ischemia/reperfusion injury of the lungs and heart, J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 7, 123, 10.1186/1749-8090-7-123 Van Hinsbergh, 2012, Endothelium—role in regulation of coagulation and inflammation, Semin. Immunopathol., 34, 93, 10.1007/s00281-011-0285-5 Von Drygalski, 2013, Organ-specific protection against LPS-induced vascular leak is dependent on the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 33, 769, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.301082 Conway, 2002, The lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin confers protection from neutrophil-mediated tissue damage by suppressing adhesion molecule expression via nuclear factor KB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, J. Exp. Med., 196, 565, 10.1084/jem.20020077 Mosnier, 2012, Biased agonism of protease-activated receptor 1 by activated protein C caused by noncanonical cleavage at Arg46, Blood, 120, 5237, 10.1182/blood-2012-08-452169 Russo, 2009, Caveolae are required for protease-selective signaling by protease-activated receptor-1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106, 6393, 10.1073/pnas.0810687106 Wildhagen, 2014, Effects of exogenous recombinant APC in mouse models of ischemia reperfusion injury and of atherosclerosis, PLoS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0101446 Loubele, 2009, Activated protein C protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of apoptosis and inflammation, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 29, 1087, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.188656 Conway, 1994, Heat shock of vascular endothelial cells induces an up-regulatory transcriptional response of the thrombomodulin gene that is delayed in onset and does not attenuate, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 22804, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31716-7 Zeng, 2013, The potential role of small heat shock proteins in mitochondria, Cell. Signal., 25, 2312, 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.027 Kaneko, 2000, Protective effect of human urinary thrombomodulin on ischemia–reperfusion injury in the canine liver, Eur. Surg. Res., 32, 87, 10.1159/000008745 Sharfuddin, 2009, Soluble thrombomodulin protects ischemic kidneys, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 20, 524, 10.1681/ASN.2008060593 Geudens, 2008, The lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin protects against ischaemia–reperfusion lung injury, Eur. Respir. J., 32, 862, 10.1183/09031936.00157107