Focus on mast cells in the tumor microenvironment: Current knowledge and future directions

Ioannides, 1993, T cell recognition of human tumors: implications for molecular immunotherapy of cancer, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 66, 10.1006/clin.1993.1012 Quail, 2013, Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis, Nat. Med., 19, 1423, 10.1038/nm.3394 Trédan, 2007, Drug resistance and the solid tumor microenvironment, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 99, 1441, 10.1093/jnci/djm135 Pitt, 2016, Targeting the tumor microenvironment: removing obstruction to anticancer immune responses and immunotherapy, Ann. Oncol., 27, 1482, 10.1093/annonc/mdw168 Cheng, 2021, A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells, Cell, 184, 792, 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.010 Huang, 2008, SCF-mediated mast cell infiltration and activation exacerbate the inflammation and immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment, Blood, 112, 1269, 10.1182/blood-2008-03-147033 Yu, 2018, Human mast cells promote colon cancer growth via bidirectional crosstalk: studies in 2D and 3D coculture models, Oncoimmunology, 7, 10.1080/2162402X.2018.1504729 Visciano, 2015, Mast cells induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cell features in human thyroid cancer cells through an IL-8-Akt-slug pathway, Oncogene, 34, 5175, 10.1038/onc.2014.441 Gorzalczany, 2017, Mast cells are directly activated by contact with cancer cells by a mechanism involving autocrine formation of adenosine and autocrine/paracrine signaling of the adenosine A3 receptor, Cancer Lett., 397, 23, 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.026 Gorzalczany, 2019, Mast cells are directly activated by cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles by a CD73- and adenosine-dependent mechanism, Transl. Oncol., 12, 1549, 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.08.005 Salamon, 2020, Lung cancer-derived extracellular vesicles: a possible mediator of mast cell activation in the tumor microenvironment, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 69, 373, 10.1007/s00262-019-02459-w Varricchi, 2019, Future needs in mast cell biology, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 10.3390/ijms20184397 Sammarco, 2019, Mast cells, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in human gastric cancer, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 10.3390/ijms20092106 Skobe, 2001, Induction of tumor lymphangiogenesis by VEGF-C promotes breast cancer metastasis, Nat. Med., 7, 192, 10.1038/84643 Detoraki, 2009, Vascular endothelial growth factors synthesized by human lung mast cells exert angiogenic effects, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 123, 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.01.044 Karaman, 2018, Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in development and disease, Development, 145, 10.1242/dev.151019 Cho, 2022, Ocular surface mast cells promote inflammatory lymphangiogenesis, Microvasc. Res., 141, 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104320 Sonoda, 1983, Presence of mast cell precursors in the yolk sac of mice, Dev. Biol., 97, 89, 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90066-0 Li, 2018, Adult connective tissue-resident mast cells originate from late erythro-myeloid progenitors, Immunity, 49, 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.023 Gentek, 2018, Hemogenic endothelial fate mapping reveals dual developmental origin of mast cells, Immunity, 48, 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.025 Popescu, 2019, Decoding human fetal liver haematopoiesis, Nature, 574, 365, 10.1038/s41586-019-1652-y Gurish, 2001, Intestinal mast cell progenitors require CD49dbeta7 (alpha4beta7 integrin) for tissue-specific homing, J. Exp. Med., 194, 1243, 10.1084/jem.194.9.1243 Hallgren, 2007, Pathways of murine mast cell development and trafficking: tracking the roots and routes of the mast cell, Immunol. Rev., 217, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00502.x Salomonsson, 2020, Localization-specific expression of CCR1 and CCR5 by mast cell progenitors, Front. Immunol., 11, 321, 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00321 Klein, 2019, Mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDia1) coordinates mast cell migration and secretion through its actin-nucleating activity, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 144, 1074, 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.028 Redegeld, 2018, Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation, Immunol. Rev., 282, 87, 10.1111/imr.12629 Wernersson, 2014, Mast cell secretory granules: armed for battle, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 14, 478, 10.1038/nri3690 Menasche, 2021, Cytoskeletal transport, reorganization, and fusion regulation in mast cell-stimulus secretion coupling, Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9, 10.3389/fcell.2021.652077 Theoharides, 2007, Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation, Immunol. Rev., 217, 65, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00519.x Shefler, 2021, Extracellular vesicles as emerging players in intercellular communication: relevance in mast cell-mediated pathophysiology, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22, 10.3390/ijms22179176 Mukai, 2018, Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, Immunol. Rev., 282, 121, 10.1111/imr.12634 Abraham, 2010, Mast cell-orchestrated immunity to pathogens, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10, 440, 10.1038/nri2782 Piliponsky, 2018, The contribution of mast cells to bacterial and fungal infection immunity, Immunol. Rev., 282, 188, 10.1111/imr.12623 Vukman, 2016, Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation, Parasite Immunol., 38, 45, 10.1111/pim.12295 De Giovanni, 2022, GPR35 promotes neutrophil recruitment in response to serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA, Cell, 185, 815, 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.010 Sutherland, 2008, Mast cell IL-6 improves survival from Klebsiella pneumonia and sepsis by enhancing neutrophil killing, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 181, 5598 Arifuzzaman, 2019, MRGPR-mediated activation of local mast cells clears cutaneous bacterial infection and protects against reinfection, Sci. Adv., 5, 10.1126/sciadv.aav0216 Hackler, 2021, Mast cells modulate antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation during LCMV infection, Front. Immunol., 12, 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688347 St John, 2011, Immune surveillance by mast cells during dengue infection promotes natural killer (NK) and NKT-cell recruitment and viral clearance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 108, 9190, 10.1073/pnas.1105079108 McKean, 1989, The action of a mast cell protease on the cuticular collagens of Necator americanus, Parasite Immunol., 11, 293, 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00667.x McDermott, 2003, Mast cells disrupt epithelial barrier function during enteric nematode infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 7761, 10.1073/pnas.1231488100 Meiners, 2020, IL-33 facilitates rapid expulsion of the parasitic nematode Strongyloides ratti from the intestine via ILC2- and IL-9-driven mast cell activation, PLoS Pathog., 16, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009121 Hepworth, 2012, Regulation of type 2 immunity to helminths by mast cells, Gut Microbes, 3, 476, 10.4161/gmic.21507 Kennelly, 2011, Mast cells in tissue healing: from skin to the gastrointestinal tract, Curr. Pharm. Des., 17, 3772, 10.2174/138161211798357854 Komi, 2020, A review of the contribution of mast cells in wound healing: involved molecular and cellular mechanisms, Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 58, 298, 10.1007/s12016-019-08729-w Artuc, 1999, Mast cells and their mediators in cutaneous wound healing--active participants or innocent bystanders?, Exp. Dermatol., 8, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00342.x Rao, 2008, Mast cells: multifaceted immune cells with diverse roles in health and disease, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1143, 10.1196/annals.1443.023 Nishikori, 2014, The role of mast cells in cutaneous wound healing in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 306, 823, 10.1007/s00403-014-1496-0 Bagher, 2018, Mast cells and mast cell tryptase enhance migration of human lung fibroblasts through protease-activated receptor 2, Cell Commun. Signal., 16, 59, 10.1186/s12964-018-0269-3 Meyer, 2017, Safeguarding of fetal growth by mast cells and natural killer cells: deficiency of one is counterbalanced by the other, Front. Immunol., 8, 711, 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00711 Woidacki, 2015, Transfer of regulatory T cells into abortion-prone mice promotes the expansion of uterine mast cells and normalizes early pregnancy angiogenesis, Sci. Rep., 5, 13938, 10.1038/srep13938 Woidacki, 2013, Mast cells rescue implantation defects caused by c-kit deficiency, Cell Death Dis., 4, 10.1038/cddis.2012.214 Gendrin, 2018, Mast cell chymase decreases the severity of group B streptococcus infections, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 142, 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.042 Anderson, 2018, Human mast cell tryptase is a potential treatment for snakebite envenoming across multiple snake species, Front. Immunol., 9, 1532, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01532 Metz, 2006, Mast cells can enhance resistance to snake and honeybee venoms, Science, 313, 526, 10.1126/science.1128877 Roy, 2014, Mast cell chymase degrades the alarmins heat shock protein 70, biglycan, HMGB1, and interleukin-33 (IL-33) and limits danger-induced inflammation, J. Biol. Chem., 289, 237, 10.1074/jbc.M112.435156 Lieberman, 2016, Mast cells and anaphylaxis, Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 16, 20, 10.1007/s11882-016-0598-5 Gülen, 2022, Anaphylaxis and mast cell disorders, Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am., 42, 45, 10.1016/j.iac.2021.09.007 Kato, 2021, Involvement of activation of mast cells via IgE Signaling and epithelial cell-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of pollen food allergy syndrome in a murine model, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 206, 2791 Méndez-Enríquez, 2019, Mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma, Front. Immunol., 10, 821, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821 Peng, 2018, Study on the application of mast cells in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis, Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi, 32, 157 Banafea, 2022, The role of human mast cells in allergy and asthma, Bioengineered, 13, 7049, 10.1080/21655979.2022.2044278 Fernandez-Bravo, 2022, Anaphylaxis: mediators, biomarkers and microenvironments, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 0 Cianferoni, 2021, Non-IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 147, 1123, 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.012 Kovanen, 2019, Mast cells as potential accelerators of human atherosclerosis-from early to late lesions, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 10.3390/ijms20184479 Higuchi, 2008, Mast cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis, Circulation, 118, 363, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.741595 Ngkelo, 2016, Mast cells regulate myofilament calcium sensitization and heart function after myocardial infarction, J. Exp. Med., 213, 1353, 10.1084/jem.20160081 Rivellese, 2017, Mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis: friends or foes?, Autoimmun. Rev., 16, 557, 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.001 Ribatti, 2020, Mast cells and angiogenesis in multiple sclerosis, Inflamm. Res., 69, 1103, 10.1007/s00011-020-01394-2 Soucek, 2007, Mast cells are required for angiogenesis and macroscopic expansion of Myc-induced pancreatic islet tumors, Nat. Med., 13, 1211, 10.1038/nm1649 Ko, 2017, A transcriptomic insight into the impacts of mast cells in lung, breast, and colon cancers, Oncoimmunology, 6, 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1360457 Stankovic, 2018, Immune cell composition in human non-small cell lung cancer, Front. Immunol., 9, 3101, 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03101 Yano, 1999, Mast cell infiltration around gastric cancer cells correlates with tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, Gastric Cancer, 2, 26, 10.1007/s101200050017 Strouch, 2010, Crosstalk between mast cells and pancreatic cancer cells contributes to pancreatic tumor progression, Clin. Cancer Res., 16, 2257, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1230 Elpek, 2001, The prognostic relevance of angiogenesis and mast cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, J. Clin. Pathol., 54, 940, 10.1136/jcp.54.12.940 Rajput, 2008, Stromal mast cells in invasive breast cancer are a marker of favourable prognosis: a study of 4,444 cases, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 107, 249, 10.1007/s10549-007-9546-3 Ribatti, 2003, Neovascularisation, expression of fibroblast growth factor-2, and mast cells with tryptase activity increase simultaneously with pathological progression in human malignant melanoma, Eur. J. Cancer, 39, 666, 10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00150-8 Crivellato, 2010, The mast cell: an evolutionary perspective, Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc., 85, 347, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00105.x Wong, 2014, Ancient origin of mast cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 451, 314, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.124 Reite, 2006, Inflammatory cells of teleostean fish: a review focusing on mast cells/eosinophilic granule cells and rodlet cells, Fish Shellfish Immunol., 20, 192, 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.01.012 Pejler, 2007, Mast cell proteases, Adv. Immunol., 95, 167, 10.1016/S0065-2776(07)95006-3 Katz, 1985, Heterogeneity of mammalian mast cells differentiated in vivo and in vitro, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 76, 250, 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90638-4 Dudeck, 2015, Mast-cell-derived TNF amplifies CD8(+) dendritic cell functionality and CD8(+) T cell priming, Cell Rep., 13, 399, 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.078 Pittoni, 2011, Mast cell targeting hampers prostate adenocarcinoma development but promotes the occurrence of highly malignant neuroendocrine cancers, Cancer Res., 71, 5987, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-1637 Carlini, 2010, Mast cell phenotypes and microvessels in non-small cell lung cancer and its prognostic significance, Hum. Pathol., 41, 697, 10.1016/j.humpath.2009.04.029 Saadalla, 2018, Mast cells promote small bowel cancer in a tumor stage-specific and cytokine-dependent manner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 115, 1588, 10.1073/pnas.1716804115 Xu, 2019, Protein kinase ds promote tumor angiogenesis through mast cell recruitment and expression of angiogenic factors in prostate cancer microenvironment, J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 38, 114, 10.1186/s13046-019-1118-y Liu, 2020, CCL5-dependent mast cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients, Aging, 12, 21809, 10.18632/aging.103999 Fischer, 2003, Expression of CCL5/RANTES by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and its possible role in the recruitment of mast cells into lymphomatous tissue, Int. J. Cancer, 107, 197, 10.1002/ijc.11370 Reed, 1996, Expression of the mast cell growth factor interleukin-3 in melanocytic lesions correlates with an increased number of mast cells in the perilesional stroma: implications for melanoma progression, J. Cutan. Pathol., 23, 495, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1996.tb01441.x Lv, 2019, Increased intratumoral mast cells foster immune suppression and gastric cancer progression through TNF-α-PD-L1 pathway, J. Immunother. Cancer, 7, 54, 10.1186/s40425-019-0530-3 Põlajeva, 2011, Mast cell accumulation in glioblastoma with a potential role for stem cell factor and chemokine CXCL12, PLoS One, 6, 10.1371/journal.pone.0025222 Melillo, 2010, Mast cells have a protumorigenic role in human thyroid cancer, Oncogene, 29, 6203, 10.1038/onc.2010.348 Ronca, 2017, Fibroblast growth factor modulates mast cell recruitment in a murine model of prostate cancer, Oncotarget, 8, 82583, 10.18632/oncotarget.19773 Põlajeva, 2014, Glioma-derived macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes mast cell recruitment in a STAT5-dependent manner, Mol. Oncol., 8, 50, 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.09.002 Roy, 2015, Glioma-derived plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulates the recruitment of LRP1 positive mast cells, Oncotarget, 6, 23647, 10.18632/oncotarget.4640 Segura-Villalobos, 2022, Mast cell-tumor interactions: molecular mechanisms of recruitment, intratumoral communication and potential therapeutic targets for tumor growth, Cells, 11, 10.3390/cells11030349 Lv, 2018, Degranulation of mast cells induced by gastric cancer-derived adrenomedullin prompts gastric cancer progression, Cell Death Dis., 9, 1034, 10.1038/s41419-018-1100-1 Hanahan, 2011, Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation, Cell, 144, 646, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 Rabenhorst, 2012, Mast cells play a protumorigenic role in primary cutaneous lymphoma, Blood, 120, 2042, 10.1182/blood-2012-03-415638 Johnson, 2018, Targeting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signalling axis in cancer, Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol., 15, 234, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2018.8 Xiao, 2014, Mast cell exosomes promote lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation - role of KIT-stem cell factor signaling, Cell Commun. Signal., 12, 64 Molin, 2001, Mast cells express functional CD30 ligand and are the predominant CD30L-positive cells in Hodgkin’s disease, Br. J. Haematol., 114, 616, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02977.x Dongre, 2019, New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 20, 69, 10.1038/s41580-018-0080-4 Mittal, 2018, Epithelial mesenchymal transition in tumor metastasis, Annu. Rev. Pathol., 13, 395, 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043854 Li, 2020, Role of MMP-9 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of thyroid cancer, World J. Surg. Oncol., 18, 181, 10.1186/s12957-020-01958-w Ueshima, 2015, The killer cell Ig-like receptor 2DL4 expression in human mast cells and its potential role in breast cancer invasion, Cancer Immunol. Res., 3, 871, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0199 Yin, 2020, Extracellular vesicles from mast cells induce mesenchymal transition in airway epithelial cells, Respir. Res., 21, 101, 10.1186/s12931-020-01346-8 Hwang, 2021, Salinomycin suppresses TGF-β1-induced EMT by down-regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 via the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in non-small cell lung cancer, Int. J. Med. Sci., 18, 715, 10.7150/ijms.50080 Rao, 2016, Recruited mast cells in the tumor microenvironment enhance bladder cancer metastasis via modulation of ERβ/CCL2/CCR2 EMT/MMP9 signals, Oncotarget, 7, 7842, 10.18632/oncotarget.5467 Cho, 2019, Therapeutic implications of cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Arch. Pharm. Res., 42, 14, 10.1007/s12272-018-01108-7 Das Roy, 2013, Arthritis augments breast cancer metastasis: role of mast cells and SCF/c-kit signaling, Breast Cancer Res., 15, R32, 10.1186/bcr3412 Bhola, 2013, TGF-β inhibition enhances chemotherapy action against triple-negative breast cancer, J. Clin. Invest., 123, 1348, 10.1172/JCI65416 Porcelli, 2019, CAFs and TGF-beta signaling activation by mast cells contribute to resistance to gemcitabine/nabpaclitaxel in pancreatic cancer, Cancers, 11, 10.3390/cancers11030330 Rabelo Melo, 2019, Exosome-mediated uptake of mast cell tryptase into the nucleus of melanoma cells: a novel axis for regulating tumor cell proliferation and gene expression, Cell Death Dis., 10, 659, 10.1038/s41419-019-1879-4 Meehan, 2016, The contribution of tumour-derived exosomes to the hallmarks of cancer, Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci., 53, 121, 10.3109/10408363.2015.1092496 Samoszuk, 2005, Degranulating mast cells in fibrotic regions of human tumors and evidence that mast cell heparin interferes with the growth of tumor cells through a mechanism involving fibroblasts, BMC Cancer, 5, 121, 10.1186/1471-2407-5-121 Ma, 2020, The anti-cancer properties of heparin and its derivatives: a review and prospect, Cell Adhes. Migr., 14, 118, 10.1080/19336918.2020.1767489 Majorini, 2020, Infiltrating mast cell-mediated stimulation of estrogen receptor activity in breast cancer cells promotes the luminal phenotype, Cancer Res., 80, 2311, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3596 Della Rovere, 2009, Phagocytosis of cancer cells by mast cells in breast cancer, Anticancer Res., 29, 3157 Plotkin, 2019, Human mast cells from adipose tissue target and induce apoptosis of breast cancer cells, Front. Immunol., 10, 138, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00138 Poglio, 2010, Adipose tissue as a dedicated reservoir of functional mast cell progenitors, Stem Cells, 28, 2065, 10.1002/stem.523 De Palma, 2017, Microenvironmental regulation of tumour angiogenesis, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 17, 457, 10.1038/nrc.2017.51 Mazzone, 2019, Regulation of blood and lymphatic vessels by immune cells in tumors and metastasis, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 81, 535, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114721 Wroblewski, 2017, Mast cells decrease efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy by secreting matrix-degrading granzyme B, Nat. Commun., 8, 269, 10.1038/s41467-017-00327-8 Jeon, 2007, Mechanisms underlying TGF-beta1-induced expression of VEGF and Flk-1 in mouse macrophages and their implications for angiogenesis, J. Leukoc. Biol., 81, 557, 10.1189/jlb.0806517 Aoki, 2003, Mast cells in basal cell carcinoma express VEGF, IL-8 and RANTES, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 130, 216, 10.1159/000069515 Coussens, 1999, Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis, Genes Dev., 13, 1382, 10.1101/gad.13.11.1382 Blair, 1997, Human mast cells stimulate vascular tube formation. Tryptase is a novel, potent angiogenic factor, J. Clin. Invest., 99, 2691, 10.1172/JCI119458 de Souza Junior, 2015, The role of mast cell specific chymases and tryptases in tumor angiogenesis, Biomed. Res. Int., 2015, 10.1155/2015/142359 Laface, 2021, Chymase-positive mast cells correlate with tumor angiogenesis: first report in pancreatic cancer patients, Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 25, 6862 Saharinen, 2011, VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, Trends Mol. Med., 17, 347, 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.01.015 Potente, 2011, Basic and therapeutic aspects of angiogenesis, Cell, 146, 873, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.039 Jiménez-Andrade, 2013, Immunoglobulin E induces VEGF production in mast cells and potentiates their pro-tumorigenic actions through a Fyn kinase-dependent mechanism, J. Hematol. Oncol., 6, 56, 10.1186/1756-8722-6-56 Claesson-Welsh, 2013, VEGFA and tumour angiogenesis, J. Intern. Med., 273, 114, 10.1111/joim.12019 Mondal, 2020, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitors in cancer: a minireview, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 194, 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112260 Deryugina, 2015, Tumor angiogenesis: MMP-mediated induction of intravasation- and metastasis-sustaining neovasculature, Matrix Biol., 44-46, 94, 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.004 Badodekar, 2021, Angiogenesis induction in breast cancer: a paracrine paradigm, Cell Biochem. Funct., 39, 860, 10.1002/cbf.3663 Guo, 2016, Mast cell tryptase contributes to pancreatic cancer growth through promoting angiogenesis via activation of angiopoietin-1, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17, 10.3390/ijms17060834 Ammendola, 2021, Mast cells positive for c-kit receptor and tryptase correlate with angiogenesis in cancerous and adjacent normal pancreatic tissue, Cells, 10, 10.3390/cells10020444 Sammarco, 2018, Tumor-associated macrophages and mast cells positive to tryptase are correlated with angiogenesis in surgically-treated gastric cancer patients, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19, 10.3390/ijms19041176 de Heer, 2020, HIFs, angiogenesis, and metabolism: elusive enemies in breast cancer, J. Clin. Invest., 130, 5074, 10.1172/JCI137552 Talks, 2000, The expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in normal human tissues, cancers, and tumor-associated macrophages, Am. J. Pathol., 157, 411, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64554-3 Bos, 2001, Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha during breast carcinogenesis, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 309, 10.1093/jnci/93.4.309 Giatromanolaki, 2001, Relation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha and 2 alpha in operable non-small cell lung cancer to angiogenic/molecular profile of tumours and survival, Br. J. Cancer, 85, 881, 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2018 Jeong, 2013, The critical role of mast cell-derived hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human and mice melanoma growth, Int. J. Cancer, 132, 2492, 10.1002/ijc.27937 Liang, 2016, The critical role of mast cell-derived hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in regulating mast cell function, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 68, 1409, 10.1111/jphp.12622 Lund, 2016, Lymphatic vessels regulate immune microenvironments in human and murine melanoma, J. Clin. Invest., 126, 3389, 10.1172/JCI79434 Oliver, 2020, The lymphatic vasculature in the 21(st) century: novel functional roles in homeostasis and disease, Cell, 182, 270, 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.039 Kurihara-Shimomura, 2020, Mast cell chymase promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis mediated by activation of melanoma inhibitory activity gene family members in oral squamous cell carcinoma, Int. J. Oncol., 56, 1093 Stacker, 2014, Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 14, 159, 10.1038/nrc3677 Hoshida, 2006, Imaging steps of lymphatic metastasis reveals that vascular endothelial growth factor-C increases metastasis by increasing delivery of cancer cells to lymph nodes: therapeutic implications, Cancer Res., 66, 8065, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1392 He, 2005, Vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor 3-mediated activation of lymphatic endothelium is crucial for tumor cell entry and spread via lymphatic vessels, Cancer Res., 65, 4739, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4576 Valastyan, 2011, Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms, Cell, 147, 275, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.024 Peinado, 2017, Pre-metastatic niches: organ-specific homes for metastases, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 17, 302, 10.1038/nrc.2017.6 Ganesh, 2021, Targeting metastatic cancer, Nat. Med., 27, 34, 10.1038/s41591-020-01195-4 Diaconu, 2011, Mast cell chymase is present in uterine cervical carcinoma and it detaches viable and growing cervical squamous carcinoma cells from substratum in vitro, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 303, 499, 10.1007/s00403-011-1121-4 Pathria, 2019, Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in cancer, Trends Immunol., 40, 310, 10.1016/j.it.2019.02.003 Noy, 2014, Tumor-associated macrophages: from mechanisms to therapy, Immunity, 41, 49, 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.010 Kumar, 2016, The nature of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment, Trends Immunol., 37, 208, 10.1016/j.it.2016.01.004 Gabrilovich, 2017, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Cancer Immunol. Res., 5, 3, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0297 Tanaka, 2017, Regulatory T cells in cancer immunotherapy, Cell Res., 27, 109, 10.1038/cr.2016.151 Li, 2020, Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects, Mol. Cancer, 19, 116, 10.1186/s12943-020-01234-1 St Paul, 2020, The roles of CD8(+) T cell subsets in antitumor immunity, Trends Cell Biol., 30, 695, 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.003 Borst, 2018, CD4(+) T cell help in cancer immunology and immunotherapy, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18, 635, 10.1038/s41577-018-0044-0 Wculek, 2020, Dendritic cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 20, 10.1038/s41577-019-0210-z Cozar, 2021, Tumor-infiltrating natural killer cells, Cancer Discov., 11, 34, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0655 Yang, 2010, Mast cells mobilize myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells in tumor microenvironment via IL-17 pathway in murine hepatocarcinoma model, PLoS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008922 Eissmann, 2019, IL-33-mediated mast cell activation promotes gastric cancer through macrophage mobilization, Nat. Commun., 10, 2735, 10.1038/s41467-019-10676-1 Jachetti, 2018, Cross-talk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and mast cells mediates tumor-specific immunosuppression in prostate cancer, Cancer Immunol. Res., 6, 552, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0385 Chen, 2003, Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3, J. Exp. Med., 198, 1875, 10.1084/jem.20030152 Somasundaram, 2021, Tumor-infiltrating mast cells are associated with resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy, Nat. Commun., 12, 10.1038/s41467-020-20600-7 Chacón-Salinas, 2011, Mast cell-derived IL-10 suppresses germinal center formation by affecting T follicular helper cell function, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 186, 25 Reddy, 2019, Poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy correlates with mast cell infiltration in inflammatory breast cancer, Cancer Immunol. Res., 7, 1025, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0619 Bodduluri, 2018, Mast cell-dependent CD8(+) T-cell recruitment mediates immune surveillance of intestinal tumors in Apc(min/+) mice, Cancer Immunol. Res., 6, 332, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0424 Oldford, 2010, A critical role for mast cells and mast cell-derived IL-6 in TLR2-mediated inhibition of tumor growth, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 185, 7067 Kaesler, 2019, Targeting tumor-resident mast cells for effective anti-melanoma immune responses, JCI Insight, 4, 10.1172/jci.insight.125057 Drobits, 2012, Imiquimod clears tumors in mice independent of adaptive immunity by converting pDCs into tumor-killing effector cells, J. Clin. Invest., 122, 575, 10.1172/JCI61034 Siebenhaar, 2014, Mast cells protect from skin tumor development and limit tumor growth during cutaneous de novo carcinogenesis in a kit-dependent mouse model, Exp. Dermatol., 23, 159, 10.1111/exd.12328 Feng, 2022, Reciprocal interactions between the gut microbiome and mammary tissue mast cells promote metastatic dissemination of HR+ breast tumors, Cancer Immunol. Res., 10, 1309, 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-1120 Yu, 2019, Inhibition of mast cell degranulation relieves visceral hypersensitivity induced by pancreatic carcinoma in mice, J. Mol. Neurosci., 69, 235, 10.1007/s12031-019-01352-6 Waheed, 2018, Masitinib in treatment of pancreatic cancer, Expert. Opin. Pharmacother., 19, 759, 10.1080/14656566.2018.1459566 Deplanque, 2015, A randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial of masitinib plus gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, Ann. Oncol., 26, 1194, 10.1093/annonc/mdv133 Massó-Vallés, 2015, Ibrutinib exerts potent antifibrotic and antitumor activities in mouse models of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, Cancer Res., 75, 1675, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2852 Choi, 2021, Tumor-associated mast cells in urothelial bladder cancer: optimizing immuno-oncology, Biomedicines, 9, 10.3390/biomedicines9111500 Alvarado, 2022, Anti-KIT monoclonal antibody CDX-0159 induces profound and durable mast cell suppression in a healthy volunteer study, Allergy, 77, 2393, 10.1111/all.15262 Havel, 2019, The evolving landscape of biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 19, 133, 10.1038/s41568-019-0116-x Lavin, 2017, Innate immune landscape in early lung adenocarcinoma by paired single-cell analyses, Cell, 169, 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.014 Abdul-Wahid, 2016, Induction of antigen-specific TH 9 immunity accompanied by mast cell activation blocks tumor cell engraftment, Int. J. Cancer, 139, 841, 10.1002/ijc.30121 Mencarelli, 2020, A humanized mouse model to study mast cells mediated cutaneous adverse drug reactions, J. Leukoc. Biol., 107, 797, 10.1002/JLB.3MA1219-210RR Bryce, 2016, Humanized mouse model of mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive systemic anaphylaxis, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 138, 769, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.049 Burton, 2017, A humanized mouse model of anaphylactic peanut allergy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 139, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.034 Malbec, 2007, Peritoneal cell-derived mast cells: an in vitro model of mature serosal-type mouse mast cells, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 178, 6465 Lu, 2017, The roles of mast cells in parasitic protozoan infections, Front. Immunol., 8, 363, 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00363 Galli, 2012, IgE and mast cells in allergic disease, Nat. Med., 18, 693, 10.1038/nm.2755 Mrabet-Dahbi, 2009, Murine mast cells secrete a unique profile of cytokines and prostaglandins in response to distinct TLR2 ligands, Exp. Dermatol., 18, 437, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00878.x Varadaradjalou, 2003, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 33, 899, 10.1002/eji.200323830 Matsushima, 2004, TLR3-, TLR7-, and TLR9-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from murine connective tissue type skin-derived mast cells but not from bone marrow-derived mast cells, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 173, 531 Olynych, 2006, Fungal zymosan induces leukotriene production by human mast cells through a dectin-1-dependent mechanism, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 118, 837, 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.008 Subramanian, 2016, Roles of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 on mast cell-mediated host defense, pseudoallergic drug reactions, and chronic inflammatory diseases, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 138, 700, 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.051 Tatemoto, 2006, Immunoglobulin E-independent activation of mast cell is mediated by Mrg receptors, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 349, 1322, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.177 Ali, 2010, Regulation of human mast cell and basophil function by anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, Immunol. Lett., 128, 36, 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.10.007 Nilsson, 1996, C3a and C5a are chemotaxins for human mast cells and act through distinct receptors via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 157, 1693 Matsushima, 2004, The effects of endothelin-1 on degranulation, cytokine, and growth factor production by skin-derived mast cells, Eur. J. Immunol., 34, 1910, 10.1002/eji.200424912 Cochrane, 2011, HMC-1 human mast cells synthesize neurotensin (NT) precursor, secrete bioactive NT-like peptide(s) and express NT receptor NTS1, Inflamm. Res., 60, 1139, 10.1007/s00011-011-0378-6 Alysandratos, 2012, Neurotensin and CRH interactions augment human mast cell activation, PLoS One, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0048934 Oppong, 2013, Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in mast cells, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 380, 119, 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.014 Jensen, 2010, Estradiol and progesterone regulate the migration of mast cells from the periphery to the uterus and induce their maturation and degranulation, PLoS One, 5, 10.1371/journal.pone.0014409 Bonds, 2013, Estrogen effects in allergy and asthma, Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 13, 92, 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32835a6dd6 Zierau, 2012, Role of female sex hormones, estradiol and progesterone, in mast cell behavior, Front. Immunol., 3, 169, 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00169 Biggs, 2010, Evidence that vitamin D(3) promotes mast cell-dependent reduction of chronic UVB-induced skin pathology in mice, J. Exp. Med., 207, 455, 10.1084/jem.20091725 Hültner, 2000, In activated mast cells, IL-1 up-regulates the production of several Th2-related cytokines including IL-9, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950), 164, 5556 Nagarkar, 2012, Airway epithelial cells activate TH2 cytokine production in mast cells through IL-1 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 130, 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.019 Iikura, 2007, IL-33 can promote survival, adhesion and cytokine production in human mast cells, Lab. Investig., 87, 971, 10.1038/labinvest.3700663 Ho, 2007, IL-33 induces IL-13 production by mouse mast cells independently of IgE-FcepsilonRI signals, J. Leukoc. Biol., 82, 1481, 10.1189/jlb.0407200 Mangia, 2011, Tissue remodelling in breast cancer: human mast cell tryptase as an initiator of myofibroblast differentiation, Histopathology, 58, 1096, 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03842.x Hempel Sullivan, 2021, Differential mast cell phenotypes in benign versus cancer tissues and prostate cancer oncologic outcomes, J. Pathol., 253, 415, 10.1002/path.5606 Xiong, 2019, Tumor infiltrating mast cells determine oncogenic HIF-2alpha-conferred immune evasion in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 68, 731, 10.1007/s00262-019-02314-y Chen, 2017, Infiltrating mast cells promote renal cell carcinoma angiogenesis by modulating PI3K-->AKT-->GSK3beta-->AM signaling, Oncogene, 36, 2879, 10.1038/onc.2016.442 Franco, 2014, Bone marrow stroma CD40 expression correlates with inflammatory mast cell infiltration and disease progression in splenic marginal zone lymphoma, Blood, 123, 1836, 10.1182/blood-2013-04-497271 Soucek, 2011, Modeling pharmacological inhibition of mast cell degranulation as a therapy for insulinoma, Neoplasia (New York, NY), 13, 1093, 10.1593/neo.11980