Flexible electronics for cardiovascular healthcare monitoring

The Innovation - Tập 4 - Trang 100485 - 2023
Tianqi Zhang1, Ning Liu2, Jing Xu3, Zeye Liu4, Yunlei Zhou1, Yicheng Yang3, Shoujun Li5, Yuan Huang5, Shan Jiang1
1Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
2Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China
3State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
4Department of Structural Heart Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, China & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
5State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Center, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China

Tài liệu tham khảo

Cannon, 2013, Cardiovascular disease: biochemistry to behaviour, Nature, 503, S2, 10.1038/503S2a Vaccarezza, 2023, Inflammation beats cholesterol: a comment on the unequivocal driver of cardiovascular disease risk, J. Clin. Med., 12, 2519, 10.3390/jcm12072519 Askoxylakis, 2010, Long-term survival of cancer patients compared to heart failure and stroke: a systematic review, BMC Cancer, 10, 105, 10.1186/1471-2407-10-105 Okoth, 2022, Sex-specific temporal trends in the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in young adults: a population-based study using UK primary care data, Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., 29, 1387, 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac024 Correll, 2017, Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls, World Psychiatr., 16, 163, 10.1002/wps.20420 Carels, 2004, Reducing cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women through a lifestyle change intervention, J. Womens Health, 13, 412, 10.1089/154099904323087105 Chow, 2013, Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-middle-and low-income countries, JAMA, 310, 959, 10.1001/jama.2013.184182 Weisfeldt, 2007, Advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, Health Aff., 26, 25, 10.1377/hlthaff.26.1.25 Hu, 2022, Nanotechnology for cardiovascular diseases, Innovation, 3, 100214 Rastegar, 2020, Non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring systems: current and proposed technology issues and challenges, Phys. Eng. Sci. Med., 43, 11, 10.1007/s13246-019-00813-x Xiong, 2021, Photothermal nanofibres enable safe engineering of therapeutic cells, Nat. Nanotechnol., 16, 1281, 10.1038/s41565-021-00976-3 Xiong, 2023, Photothermal nanomaterial-mediated photoporation, Acc. Chem. Res., 56, 631, 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00770 Gill, 2021, Urate, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease, Hypertension, 77, 383, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16547 Lo Gullo, 2020, Speckle tracking echocardiography as a new diagnostic tool for an assessment of cardiovascular disease in rheumatic patients, Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 63, 327, 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.005 Pazzanese, 1946, Normal electrocardiograms in cardiovascular disease, Am. Heart J., 31, 33, 10.1016/0002-8703(46)90390-0 Siegel, 2010, Computed tomography of pediatric cardiovascular disease, J. Thorac. Imaging, 25, 256, 10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181cf8031 Baig, 2013, A comprehensive survey of wearable and wireless ECG monitoring systems for older adults, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 51, 485, 10.1007/s11517-012-1021-6 Luo, 2023, Technology roadmap for flexible sensors, ACS Nano, 17, 5211, 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606 Guo, 2021, Microfluidics for flexible electronics, Mater. Today, 44, 105, 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.08.017 Hu, 2023, Hydrogel-based flexible electronics, Adv. Mater., 35, 2205326, 10.1002/adma.202205326 Shan, 2020, AI-enabled wearable and flexible electronics for assessing full personal exposures, Innovation, 1, 100031 Horejs, 2018, Flexible electronics: lasting memories are in sight, Nat. Rev. Mater., 3, 18002, 10.1038/natrevmats.2018.2 Jang, 2016, Graphene-based flexible and stretchable electronics, Adv. Mater., 28, 4184, 10.1002/adma.201504245 Wang, 2019, Advanced carbon for flexible and wearable electronics, Adv. Mater., 31, 1801072, 10.1002/adma.201801072 Ma, 2020, Flexible hybrid electronics for digital healthcare, Adv. Mater., 32, 1902062, 10.1002/adma.201902062 Seo, 2018, Epidermal electronics: calcium-modified silk as a biocompatible and strong adhesive for epidermal electronics, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1870250, 10.1002/adfm.201870250 Kim, 2018, Highly conformable, transparent electrodes for epidermal electronics, Nano Lett., 18, 4531, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01743 Cheng, 2022, Wet-adhesive elastomer for liquid metal-based conformal epidermal electronics, Adv. Funct. Mater., 32, 2200444, 10.1002/adfm.202200444 Kim, 2011, Epidermal electronics, Science, 333, 838, 10.1126/science.1206157 Zhou, 2020, Gas-permeable, ultrathin, stretchable epidermal electronics with porous electrodes, ACS Nano, 14, 5798, 10.1021/acsnano.0c00906 Jian, 2017, Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors based on bionic hierarchical structures, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27, 1606066, 10.1002/adfm.201606066 Zamarayeva, 2017, Flexible and stretchable power sources for wearable electronics, Sci. Adv., 3, e1602051, 10.1126/sciadv.1602051 Zhang, 2021, MXene hydrogel for wearable electronics, Matter, 4, 2655, 10.1016/j.matt.2021.06.041 Shi, 2021, Fiber-based thermoelectrics for solid, portable, and wearable electronics, Energy Environ. Sci., 14, 729, 10.1039/D0EE03520C Zhang, 2022, Light-emitting materials for wearable electronics, Nat. Rev. Mater., 42, 839, 10.1038/s41578-022-00502-4 Koo, 2023, A stretchable nanoscale dielectric for large-area wearable electronics, Nat. Electron., 6, 107, 10.1038/s41928-023-00919-x Parlak, 2018, Molecularly selective nanoporous membrane-based wearable organic electrochemical device for noninvasive cortisol sensing, Sci. Adv., 4, eaar2904, 10.1126/sciadv.aar2904 Choi, 2019, Soft, skin-integrated multifunctional microfluidic systems for accurate colorimetric analysis of sweat biomarkers and temperature, ACS Sens., 4, 379, 10.1021/acssensors.8b01218 Choi, 2021, Fully implantable and bioresorbable cardiac pacemakers without leads or batteries, Nat. Biotechnol., 39, 1228, 10.1038/s41587-021-00948-x Yang, 2021, Powering implantable and ingestible electronics, Adv. Funct. Mater., 31, 2009289, 10.1002/adfm.202009289 Simons, 2022, A ceramic-electrolyte glucose fuel cell for implantable electronics, Adv. Mater., 34, 2109075, 10.1002/adma.202109075 Sun, 2021, Bioinspired, nanostructure-amplified, subcutaneous light harvesting to power implantable biomedical electronics, ACS Nano, 15, 12475, 10.1021/acsnano.1c03614 Li, 2019, Fully bioabsorbable capacitor as an energy storage unit for implantable medical electronics, Adv. Sci., 6, 1801625, 10.1002/advs.201801625 Song, 2018, Flexible-device injector with a microflap array for subcutaneously implanting flexible medical electronics, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 7, 1800419, 10.1002/adhm.201800419 Wan, 2022, Hybrid-piezoelectret based highly efficient ultrasonic energy harvester for implantable electronics, Adv. Funct. Mater., 32, 2200589, 10.1002/adfm.202200589 Huynh, 2018, Autonomous flexible sensors for health monitoring, Adv. Mater., 30, 1802337, 10.1002/adma.201802337 Gao, 2020, Flexible hybrid sensors for health monitoring: materials and mechanisms to render wearability, Adv. Mater., 32, 1902133, 10.1002/adma.201902133 Xu, 2017, Flexible organic/inorganic hybrid near-infrared photoplethysmogram sensor for cardiovascular monitoring, Adv. Mater., 29, 1700975, 10.1002/adma.201700975 Zhu, 2021, Flexible electrodes for in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological signal recording, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 10, 2100646, 10.1002/adhm.202100646 Chen, 2021, Flexible wearable sensors for cardiovascular health monitoring, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 10, 2100116, 10.1002/adhm.202100116 Shi, 2020, Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things, InfoMat, 2, 1131, 10.1002/inf2.12122 Li, 2021, From diagnosis to treatment: recent advances in patient-friendly biosensors and implantable devices, ACS Nano, 15, 1960, 10.1021/acsnano.0c06688 Lin, 2020, Highly sensitive flexible iontronic pressure sensor for fingertip pulse monitoring, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 9, 2001023, 10.1002/adhm.202001023 Gao, 2017, Wearable microfluidic diaphragm pressure sensor for health and tactile touch monitoring, Adv. Mater., 29, 1701985, 10.1002/adma.201701985 Fang, 2017, Capacitively coupled arrays of multiplexed flexible silicon transistors for long-term cardiac electrophysiology, Nat. Biomed. Eng., 1, 0038, 10.1038/s41551-017-0038 Wang, 2018, Monitoring of the central blood pressure waveform via a conformal ultrasonic device, Nat. Biomed. Eng., 2, 687, 10.1038/s41551-018-0287-x Chung, 2019, Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care, Science, 363, eaau0780, 10.1126/science.aau0780 Jinno, 2021, Self-powered ultraflexible photonic skin for continuous bio-signal detection via air-operation-stable polymer light-emitting diodes, Nat. Commun., 12, 2234, 10.1038/s41467-021-22558-6 Hu, 2023, A wearable cardiac ultrasound imager, Nature, 613, 667, 10.1038/s41586-022-05498-z Chen, 2020, Hierarchical elastomer tuned self-powered pressure sensor for wearable multifunctional cardiovascular electronics, Nano Energy, 70, 104460, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104460 Wang, 2014, Silk-molded flexible, ultrasensitive, and highly stable electronic skin for monitoring human physiological signals, Adv. Mater., 26, 1336, 10.1002/adma.201304248 Pang, 2015, Highly skin-conformal microhairy sensor for pulse signal amplification, Adv. Mater., 27, 634, 10.1002/adma.201403807 Chu, 2018, Human pulse diagnosis for medical assessments using a wearable piezoelectret sensing system, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1803413, 10.1002/adfm.201803413 Wang, 2021, Enabling the unconstrained epidermal pulse wave monitoring via finger-touching, Adv. Funct. Mater., 31, 2102378, 10.1002/adfm.202102378 Meng, 2022, Kirigami-inspired pressure sensors for wearable dynamic cardiovascular monitoring, Adv. Mater., 34, 2202478, 10.1002/adma.202202478 Meng, 2019, Flexible weaving constructed self-powered pressure sensor enabling continuous diagnosis of cardiovascular disease and measurement of cuffless blood pressure, Adv. Funct. Mater., 29, 1806388, 10.1002/adfm.201806388 Zhao, 2021, Soft fibers with magnetoelasticity for wearable electronics, Nat. Commun., 12, 6755, 10.1038/s41467-021-27066-1 Zhang, 2023, Localizing strain via micro-cage structure for stretchable pressure sensor arrays with ultralow spatial crosstalk, Nat. Commun., 14, 1252, 10.1038/s41467-023-36885-3 Lee, 2020, Multifunctional materials for implantable and wearable photonic healthcare devices, Nat. Rev. Mater., 5, 149, 10.1038/s41578-019-0167-3 Yokota, 2016, Ultraflexible organic photonic skin, Sci. Adv., 2, e1501856, 10.1126/sciadv.1501856 Lee, 2021, Standalone real-time health monitoring patch based on a stretchable organic optoelectronic system, Sci. Adv., 7, eabg9180, 10.1126/sciadv.abg9180 Lee, 2022, Stretchable PPG sensor with light polarization for physical activity–permissible monitoring, Sci. Adv., 8, eabm3622, 10.1126/sciadv.abm3622 Lee, 2018, Toward all-day wearable health monitoring: an ultralow-power, reflective organic pulse oximetry sensing patch, Sci. Adv., 4, eaas9530, 10.1126/sciadv.aas9530 Wang, 2021, Continuous monitoring of deep-tissue haemodynamics with stretchable ultrasonic phased arrays, Nat. Biomed. Eng., 5, 749, 10.1038/s41551-021-00763-4 Pang, 2017, Development of a novel transparent flexible capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer, Sensors, 17, 1443, 10.3390/s17061443 Sempionatto, 2021, An epidermal patch for the simultaneous monitoring of haemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers, Nat. Biomed. Eng., 5, 737, 10.1038/s41551-021-00685-1 Lim, 2021, Tissue-like skin-device interface for wearable bioelectronics by using ultrasoft, mass-permeable, and low-impedance hydrogels, Sci. Adv., 7, eabd3716, 10.1126/sciadv.abd3716 Park, 2022, Cuticular pad-inspired selective frequency damper for nearly dynamic noise-free bioelectronics, Science, 376, 624, 10.1126/science.abj9912 Sun, 2023, Multifunctional tendon-mimetic hydrogels, Sci. Adv., 9, eade6973, 10.1126/sciadv.ade6973 Cheng, 2023, Ultrathin hydrogel films toward breathable skin-integrated electronics, Adv. Mater., 35, 2206793, 10.1002/adma.202206793 Jinkins, 2022, Thermally switchable, crystallizable oil and silicone composite adhesives for skin-interfaced wearable devices, Sci. Adv., 8, eabo0537, 10.1126/sciadv.abo0537 Wang, 2022, On-skin paintable biogel for long-term high-fidelity electroencephalogram recording, Sci. Adv., 8, eabo1396, 10.1126/sciadv.abo1396 Kim, 2019, Highly permeable skin patch with conductive hierarchical architectures inspired by amphibians and octopi for omnidirectionally enhanced wet adhesion, Adv. Funct. Mater., 29, 1807614, 10.1002/adfm.201807614 Xu, 2014, 3D multifunctional integumentary membranes for spatiotemporal cardiac measurements and stimulation across the entire epicardium, Nat. Commun., 5, 3329, 10.1038/ncomms4329 Park, 2016, Electromechanical cardioplasty using a wrapped elasto-conductive epicardial mesh, Sci. Transl. Med., 8, 344ra86, 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8568 Choi, 2018, Highly conductive, stretchable and biocompatible Ag–Au core–sheath nanowire composite for wearable and implantable bioelectronics, Nat. Nanotechnol., 13, 1048, 10.1038/s41565-018-0226-8 Lee, 2018, Nonthrombogenic, stretchable, active multielectrode array for electroanatomical mapping, Sci. Adv., 4, eaau2426, 10.1126/sciadv.aau2426 Sim, 2020, An epicardial bioelectronic patch made from soft rubbery materials and capable of spatiotemporal mapping of electrophysiological activity, Nat. Electron., 3, 775, 10.1038/s41928-020-00493-6 Wang, 2022, Bioadhesive ultrasound for long-term continuous imaging of diverse organs, Science, 377, 517, 10.1126/science.abo2542 Liu, 2019, Transcatheter self-powered ultrasensitive endocardial pressure sensor, Adv. Funct. Mater., 29, 1807560, 10.1002/adfm.201807560 Boutry, 2019, Biodegradable and flexible arterial-pulse sensor for the wireless monitoring of blood flow, Nat. Biomed. Eng., 3, 47, 10.1038/s41551-018-0336-5 Dual, 2020, Continuous heart volume monitoring by fully implantable soft strain sensor, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 9, 2000855, 10.1002/adhm.202000855 Hwang, 2022, In situ diagnosis and simultaneous treatment of cardiac diseases using a single-device platform, Sci. Adv., 8, eabq0897, 10.1126/sciadv.abq0897 Fuchs, 2020, High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, Hypertension, 75, 285, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240 Chobanian, 2003, Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure, Hypertension, 42, 1206, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2 Modesti, 2014, Cardiovascular risk assessment in low-resource settings: a consensus document of the European society of hypertension working group on hypertension and cardiovascular risk in low resource settings, J. Hypertens., 32, 951, 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000125 Segall, 1975, How Korotkoff, the surgeon, discovered the auscultatory method of measuring arterial pressure, Ann. Intern. Med., 83, 561, 10.7326/0003-4819-83-4-561 Perloff, 1993, Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry, Circulation, 88, 2460, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.5.2460 Saugel, 2020, How to measure blood pressure using an arterial catheter: a systematic 5-step approach, Crit. Care, 24, 172, 10.1186/s13054-020-02859-w Zhong, 2019, A flexible piezoelectret actuator/sensor patch for mechanical human–machine interfaces, ACS Nano, 13, 7107, 10.1021/acsnano.9b02437 Lyu, 2023, Mechanically strong, freeze-resistant, and ionically conductive organohydrogels for flexible strain sensors and batteries, Adv. Sci., 10, 2206591, 10.1002/advs.202206591 Liu, 2018, Mechanical strain-tunable microwave magnetism in flexible CuFe2O4 epitaxial thin film for wearable sensors, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1705928, 10.1002/adfm.201705928 Liu, 2018, Flexible Electronics: Mechanical strain-tunable microwave magnetism in flexible CuFe2O4 epitaxial thin film for wearable sensors, Adv. Funct. Mater., 28, 1870063, 10.1002/adfm.201870063 Wang, 2022, Ti3C2Tx MXene-based flexible piezoresistive physical sensors, ACS Nano, 16, 1734, 10.1021/acsnano.1c09925 Qin, 2021, Flexible and stretchable capacitive sensors with different microstructures, Adv. Mater., 33, 2008267, 10.1002/adma.202008267 Sun, 2023, Flexible capacitive sensor based on Miura-ori structure, Chem. Eng. J., 468, 143514, 10.1016/j.cej.2023.143514 Jung, 2020, Flexible piezoelectric acoustic sensors and machine learning for speech processing, Adv. Mater., 32, 1904020, 10.1002/adma.201904020 Fan, 2023, MXene supported by cotton fabric as electrode layer of triboelectric nanogenerators for flexible sensors, Nano Energy, 105, 107973, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107973 Rhee, 2001, Artifact-resistant power-efficient design of finger-ring plethysmographic sensors, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 48, 795, 10.1109/10.930904 Helmchen, 2005, Deep tissue two-photon microscopy, Nat. Methods, 2, 932, 10.1038/nmeth818 Tuchin, 2016, Polarized light interaction with tissues, J. Biomed. Opt., 21, 071114, 10.1117/1.JBO.21.7.071114 Sharma, 2017, Cuff-less and continuous blood pressure monitoring: a methodological review, Technologies, 430, 21, 10.3390/technologies5020021 Papagiakoumou, 2010, Scanless two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2, Nat. Methods, 7, 848, 10.1038/nmeth.1505 Park, 2009, Printed assemblies of inorganic light-emitting diodes for deformable and semitransparent displays, Science, 325, 977, 10.1126/science.1175690 Kim, 2017, Fully stretchable optoelectronic sensors based on colloidal quantum dots for sensing photoplethysmographic signals, ACS Nano, 11, 5992, 10.1021/acsnano.7b01894 Nabeel, 2018, Bi-modal arterial compliance probe for calibration-free cuffless blood pressure estimation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 65, 2392, 10.1109/TBME.2018.2866332 Anavekar, 2009, Doppler echocardiography: a contemporary review, J. Cardiol., 54, 347, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.10.001 Hu, 2018, Stretchable ultrasonic transducer arrays for three-dimensional imaging on complex surfaces, Sci. Adv., 4, eaar3979, 10.1126/sciadv.aar3979 Li, 2017, Broadband gradient impedance matching using an acoustic metamaterial for ultrasonic transducers, Sci. Rep., 7, 42863, 10.1038/srep42863 Lee, 2017, Flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) for application in brain stimulation, Microsyst. Technol., 23, 2321, 10.1007/s00542-016-2912-5 Serhani, 2020, ECG monitoring systems: review, architecture, processes, and key challenges, Sensors, 20, 1796, 10.3390/s20061796 Dabaghyan, 2016, 3T cardiac imaging with on-line 12-lead ECG monitoring, J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson., 18, P212, 10.1186/1532-429X-18-S1-P212 Fu, 2020, Dry electrodes for human bioelectrical signal monitoring, Sensors, 20, 3651, 10.3390/s20133651 Eskandarian, 2022, 3D-knit dry electrodes using conductive elastomeric fibers for long-term continuous electrophysiological monitoring, Adv. Mater. Technol., 7, 2101572, 10.1002/admt.202101572 Tang, 2023, Environmentally adaptable organo–ionic gel-based electrodes for real-time on-skin electrocardiography monitoring, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 12, 2300475, 10.1002/adhm.202300475 Yu, 2021, Water-resistant ionogel electrode with tailorable mechanical properties for aquatic ambulatory physiological signal monitoring, Adv. Funct. Mater., 31, 2107226, 10.1002/adfm.202107226 Shi, 2020, Recent development of implantable and flexible nerve electrodes, Smart Mater. Med., 1, 131, 10.1016/j.smaim.2020.08.002 Liu, 2022, Body temperature enhanced adhesive, antibacterial, and recyclable ionic hydrogel for epidermal electrophysiological monitoring, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 11, 2200653, 10.1002/adhm.202200653 Zhu, 2023, Recent advances in conductive hydrogels: classifications, properties, and applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 52, 473, 10.1039/D2CS00173J Zhang, 2023, Hydrogels for flexible electronics, ACS Nano, 17, 9681, 10.1021/acsnano.3c02897 Zeng, 2022, Design the molecule structures to achieve functional advantages of hydrogel wound dressings: advances and strategies, Compos. Part B-Eng., 247, 110313, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110313 Bai, 2014, Transparent hydrogel with enhanced water retention capacity by introducing highly hydratable salt, Appl. Phys. Lett., 105, 151903, 10.1063/1.4898189 Kang, 2022, The marriage of Xenes and hydrogels: fundamentals, applications, and outlook, Innovation, 3, 100327 Min, 2022, Tough carbon nanotube-implanted bioinspired three-dimensional electrical adhesive for isotropically stretchable water-repellent bioelectronics, Adv. Funct. Mater., 32, 2107285, 10.1002/adfm.202107285 Yan, 2022, Highly stretchable van der waals thin films for adaptable and breathable electronic membranes, Science, 375, 852, 10.1126/science.abl8941 Zhuang, 2021, Highly robust and wearable facial expression recognition via deep-learning-assisted, soft epidermal electronics, Research, 2021, 9759601, 10.34133/2021/9759601 Lubitz, 2022, Detection of atrial fibrillation in a large population using wearable devices: the fitbit heart study, Circulation, 146, 1415, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060291 Choi, 2015, Stretchable heater using ligand-exchanged silver nanowire nanocomposite for wearable articular thermotherapy, ACS Nano, 9, 6626, 10.1021/acsnano.5b02790 Kim, 2012, Electronic sensor and actuator webs for large-area complex geometry cardiac mapping and therapy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 19910, 10.1073/pnas.1205923109 Arbeille, 1999, Accuracy of the main Doppler methods for evaluating the degree of carotid stenoses (continuous wave, pulsed wave, and color Doppler), Ultrasound Med. Biol., 25, 65, 10.1016/S0301-5629(98)00096-9 Karmacharya, 2021, Photoacoustic monitoring of oxygenation changes induced by therapeutic ultrasound in murine hepatocellular carcinoma, Sci. Rep., 11, 4100, 10.1038/s41598-021-83439-y Wang, 2021, Flexible Doppler ultrasound device for the monitoring of blood flow velocity, Sci. Adv., 7, eabi9283, 10.1126/sciadv.abi9283 Cao, 2018, The epicardium as a hub for heart regeneration, Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 15, 631, 10.1038/s41569-018-0046-4 Babaliaros, 2008, Emerging applications for transseptal left heart catheterization: old techniques for new procedures, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 51, 2116, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.061 Khodagholy, 2013, In vivo recordings of brain activity using organic transistors, Nat. Commun., 4, 1575, 10.1038/ncomms2573 Rivnay, 2015, High-performance transistors for bioelectronics through tuning of channel thickness, Sci. Adv., 1, e1400251, 10.1126/sciadv.1400251 Cheng, 2016, Implantable and self-powered blood pressure monitoring based on a piezoelectric thinfilm: simulated, in vitro and in vivo studies, Nano Energy, 22, 453, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.02.037 Park, 2017, Self-powered real-time arterial pulse monitoring using ultrathin epidermal piezoelectric sensors, Adv. Mater., 29, 1702308, 10.1002/adma.201702308 Hinchet, 2015, Wearable and implantable mechanical energy harvesters for self-powered biomedical systems, ACS Nano, 9, 7742, 10.1021/acsnano.5b04855 Zheng, 2016, Biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator as a life-time designed implantable power source, Sci. Adv., 2, e1501478, 10.1126/sciadv.1501478 Li, 2017, Nanogenerator-based dual-functional and self-powered thin patch loudspeaker or microphone for flexible electronics, Nat. Commun., 8, 15310, 10.1038/ncomms15310 Byun, 2019, Mechanically transformative electronics, sensors, and implantable devices, Sci. Adv., 5, eaay0418, 10.1126/sciadv.aay0418 Wang, 2006, Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays, Science, 312, 242, 10.1126/science.1124005 Huang, 2022, Flexible intelligent array patch based on synergy of polyurethane and nanofiber for sensitive monitor and smart treatment, Chem. Eng. J., 443, 136378, 10.1016/j.cej.2022.136378 Barki, 2020, Monitoring stroke volume changes in acute heart failure patients, Eur. Heart J., 41, 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1217 Mullens, 2016, Cardiac output and renal dysfunction: definitely more than impaired flow, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 67, 2209, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.537