Flame-retardant properties of in situ sol-gel synthesized inorganic borosilicate/silicate polymer scaffold matrix comprising ionic liquid
Tóm tắt
This paper focuses on the superiority of organic-inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) over commercial electrolytes, such as 1 M LiPF6 in 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC): dimethyl carbonate (DMC) {1 M LiPF6-EC: DMC}, in terms of their flame susceptibility. These ion-gel electrolytes possess ionic liquid monomers, which are confined within the borosilicate or silicate matrices that are ideal for nonflammability. Naked flame tests confirm that the organic-inorganic hybrid electrolytes are less susceptible to flames, and these electrolytes do not suffer from a major loss in terms of weight. In addition, the hybrids are self-extinguishable. Therefore, these hybrids are only oxidized when subjected to a flame unlike other commercial electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries. Supplementary analyses using differential scanning calorimetric studies reveal that the hybrids are glassy until the temperature reaches more than 100°C. The current results are consistent with previously published data on the organic-inorganic hybrids.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Tarascon JM, Armand M. Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries. Nature, 2001, 414(6861): 359–367
Zaghib K, Charest P, Guerfi A, Shim J, Perrier M, Striebel K. Safe Li-ion polymer batteries for HEV applications. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 134(1): 124–129
Armand M, Tarascon J M. Building better batteries. Nature, 2008, 451(7179): 652–657
Goodenough J B, Park K S. The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135 (4): 1167–1176
Li N, Song H, Cui H, Wang C. Sn@graphene grown on vertically aligned graphene for high-capacity, high-rate, and long-life lithium storage. Nano Energy, 2014, 3: 102–112
Li N, Jin S, Liao Q, Cui H, Wang C X. Encapsulated within graphene shell silicon nanoparticles anchored on vertically aligned graphene trees as lithium ion battery anodes. Nano Energy, 2014, 5: 105–115
Li N, Song H, Cui H, Yang G, Wang C. Self-assembled growth of Sn@ CNTs on vertically aligned graphene for binder-free high Listorage and excellent stability. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2(8): 2526–2537
Williard N, He W, Hendricks C, Pecht M. Lessons learned from the 787Dreamliner issue on the lithium-ion battery reliability. Energies, 2013, 6(9): 4682–4695
Wang Q, Ping P, Zhao X, Chu G, Sun J, Chen C. Thermal runaway caused by fire and explosion of lithium-ion battery. Journal of Power Sources, 2012, 208: 210–224
Sloop S E, Pugh J K, Wang S, Kerr J B, Kinoshita K. Chemical reactivity of PF5 and LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate solutions. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2001, 4(4): A42–A44
Spotnitz R, Franklin J. Abuse behavior of high power, lithium-ion cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 113(1): 81–100
Spotnitz R M, Weaver J, Yeduvaka G, Doughty D H, Roth E P. Simulation of abuse tolerance of lithium-ion battery packs. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 163(2): 1080–1086
Kim G H, Pesaran A, Spotnitz R. A three-dimensional thermal abuse model for lithium-ion cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 170(2): 476–489
Harris S J, Timmons A, Pitz W J. A combustion chemistry analysis of carbonate solvents used in Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 193(2): 855–858
Lisbona D, Snee T. A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2011, 89(6): 434–442
Ota H, Kominato A, Chun W J, Yasukawa E, Kasuya S. Effect of cyclic phosphate additive in non-flammable electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 119–121: 393–398
Wang X, Yamada C, Naito H, Segami G, Kibe K. High concentration trimethyl phosphate-based non-flammable electrolytes with improved charge-discharge performance of a graphite anode for lithium-ion cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(1): A135–A139
Wen J, Yu Y, Chen C. A review on lithium-ion batteries safety issues: existing problems and possible solutions. Materials Express, 2012, 2(3): 197–212
Martinelli A. Effects of a protic ionic liquid on the reaction pathway during non-aqueous sol-gel synthesis of silica: a Raman spectroscopic investigation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2014, 15(4): 6488–6503
Matsumi N, Toyota Y, Joshi P, Puneet P, Vedarajan R, Takekawa T. Boric ester-type molten salt via dehydrocoupling reaction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2014, 15(11): 21080–21089
Smaran K S, Vedarajan R, Matsumi N. Design of organic-inorganic hybrid ion-gel electrolytes composed of borosilicate and allylimidazolium type ionic liquids. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(6): 2936–2942
Hess S, Wohlfahrt-Mehrens M, Wachtler M. Flammability of Li-ion battery electrolytes: flash point and self-extinguishing time measurements. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162 (2): A3084–A3097
Mizumo T, Marwanta E, Matsumi N, Ohno H. Allylimidazolium halides as novel room temperature ionic liquids. Chemistry Letters, 2004, 33(10): 1360–1361
Smaran K S, Joshi P, Vedarajan R, Matsumi N. Optimisation of potential boundaries with dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for an anodic half-cell based on organic–inorganic hybrid electrolytes. ChemElectroChem, 2015, 2(12): 1913–1916