Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres: New chemistry versus innovatory solutions
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Horrocks, 1986, Flame retardant finishing of textiles, Rev Prog Coloration, 16, 62, 10.1111/j.1478-4408.1986.tb03745.x
Horrocks, 2003, Flame retardant finishes and finishing, 214
Bourbigot, 2008, Flame retardancy of textiles – new approaches, 9
Weil, 2008, Flame retardants in commercial use or development for textiles, J Fire Sci, 26, 243, 10.1177/0734904108089485
Little, 1947
Bull, 1964, Causes and prevention of domestic burning accidents, Br Med J, 2, 1421, 10.1136/bmj.2.5422.1421
The nightdress (safety) regulation, S.I. 839:1967 and the nightwear (safety) regulations S.I. 2043:1985. London, UK: HMSO.
Horrocks, 2004, The particular flammability hazards of nightwear, Fire Saf J, 39, 259, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2003.11.005
US Government of Commerce, DOC FF 3-71, (as amended). Standards for the flammability of children’s sleepwear. Washington, D.C.; 1971. Now 16 CFR Part 1615.
1971
Horrocks, 2001, Thermally resistant fibres, 281
Bourbigot, 2002, Heat resistance and flammability of high performance fibre; a review, Fire Mater, 26, 155, 10.1002/fam.799
Weil E. Process for flameproofing textiles. United States Patent 3695925; October 1972.
Weil E. Copolycondensed vinylphosphonates. United States Patent 3855359; 17 December 1974.
Leitner JG. Flame retardant-smolder resistant textile backcoating. United States Patent 4404313; 13th September 1983.
Blum, 1980, Text Ind, 144, 48
Tesoro, 1979, J Fire Retard Chem, 6, 239
Hicklin, 2009, Trends in textile flame retardants – a market review, 255
Nair, 2004, Flammability in textiles and routes to flame retardant textiles – XLII, Colourage, 51, 43
Horrocks, 1996, Developments in flame retardants for heat and fire resistant textiles – the role of char formation and intumescence, Polym Degrad Stab, 54, 143, 10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00038-9
Horrocks, 2005, Developments in flame retardant textiles – a review, Polym Degrad Stab, 88, 3, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.10.024
Zhang, 2003, A review of flame retardant polypropylene fibres, Prog Polym Sci, 28, 1517, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2003.09.001
The upholstered furniture (safety) (amendment) regulations, 1983, no. 519, consumer protection. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Consumer Protection Act, 1987(a): the furniture and furnishing (fire) (safety) regulations, 1988 (amended 1989 and 1993), SI 1324. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Dombrowski, 1996, Flame retardants for textile coatings, J Coated Fabrics, 25, 224, 10.1177/152808379602500306
Horrocks, 2001, Textiles, 128
Bourbigot, 2007, Novel developments in flame retardancy of textiles, 159
Horrocks, 2008, Flame retardant/resistant textile coatings and laminates, 159
Lewin, 2005, Unsolved problems and unanswered questions in flame retardance of polymers, Polm Degrad Stab, 88, 13, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.12.011
Abdel-Mohdy, 1999, J Text Assoc, 9–10, 121
Abdel-Mohdy, 2002, Colourage, 49, 27
Weil, 1991
Stowell JK, Weil ED, Coble WL, Yang CG. Formaldehyde-free flame retardant treatment for cellulose-containing materials. United States Patent 6,365,070; 2 April 2002.
Wu, 2003
Yang, 2003, Combination of a hydroxyl-functional organo-phosphorus oligomer and a multifunctional carboxylic acid as a flame retardant finishing system for cotton: part I. The chemical reactions, Fire Mater, 27, 223, 10.1002/fam.825
Yang, 2003, Combination of a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer and a multifunctional carboxylic acid as a flame retardant finishing system for cotton: part II. Formation of calcium salt during laundering, Fire Mater, 27, 239, 10.1002/fam.826
Wu, 2004, Comparison of DMDHEU and melamine formaldehyde as the binding system for a hydroxy-functional organophosphorus flame retarding agent on cotton, J Fire Sci, 22, 125, 10.1177/0734904104039695
Yang, 2005, Durable flame retardant finishing of the nylon/cotton blend fabric using a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer, Polym Degrad Stab, 88, 363, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.11.013
Blanchard, 2002, Polycarboxylic acids for flame resistant polyester/cotton carpeting, Text Res J, 72, 39
Yang, 2007, Nonformaldehyde flame retardant finishing of Nomex/cotton blend fabric using a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer, J Fire Sci, 25, 425, 10.1177/0734904107078069
Guan, 2009, Formaldehyde-free flame retardant finishing of silk using a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer, Polym Degrad Stab, 2009, 450, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.10.024
Blanchard, 2005, Improving flame resistance of cotton/polyester fleece with phosphorous based polycarboxylic acids, AATCC Rev, 5, 26
Wu, 2008, Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: part III—the combination of maleic acid and sodium hypophosphite, J Fire Sci, 26, 351, 10.1177/0734904108090732
Yang, 2009, Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric. Part IV – bifunctional carboxylic acids, J Fire Sci, 27, 431, 10.1177/0734904109105511
Cheng, 2009, Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: part V. Phosphorus-containing maleic acid oligomers, Fire Mater, 33, 365, 10.1002/fam.1008
Cheng, 2009, Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: part VI. The combination of a hydroxyl-functional organophosphorus oligomer and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, J Fire Sci, 27, 583, 10.1177/0734904109346016
Galbraikh LS, Zubkova NS, Butylkina NG, Berlin AA, Khalturinsky NA. Method for the flame-retardant processing of textile materials. Assigned to Isle Firestop Chemicals. United States Patent 6,541,068; 1st April 2003.
Gaan, 2009, Thermal decomposition and burning behavior of cellulose treated with ethyl ester phosphoramidates: effect of alkyl substituent on nitrogen atom, Polym Degrad Stab, 94, 1125, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.017
Pandya, 1981, Mechanistic aspects of phosphorus–nitrogen synergism in cotton flame retardancy, Text Res J, 51, 5, 10.1177/004051758105100102
Chang, 2007, Epoxy phosphonate crosslinkers for providing flame resistance to cotton textiles, Polym Adv Technol, 18, 611, 10.1002/pat.867
Chang S-C, Condon B, Edwards VJ, Graves E, Wakelyn PJ. Study of phosphorus and nitrogen containing economic flame retardant materials and their textile application. In: Proceedings of flame retardant polymers and materials (FRPM09), Poznan, Poland, September 2009.
Hu, 2009, The application of a novel flame retardant on viscose fibre, Fire Mater, 33, 145, 10.1002/fam.990
Lecoeur, 2001, Flame retardant formulations for cotton, Polym Degrad Stab, 74, 487, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00172-0
Lecoeur, 2006, Optimization of monoguanidine dihydrogen phosphate and amino propylethoxysilane based flame retardant formulations for cotton, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 1909, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.10.015
Wang, 2000, Flame retardant textile back-coatings. Part 1: antimony–halogen system interactions and the effect of replacement by phosphorus-containing agents, J Fire Sci, 18, 265, 10.1177/073490410001800402
Horrocks, 2000, Flame retardant textile back-coatings. Part 2: effectiveness of phosphorus-containing retardants in textile back-coating formulations, Polym Int, 49, 1079, 10.1002/1097-0126(200010)49:10<1079::AID-PI468>3.0.CO;2-Z
Davies, 2005, The sensitisation of thermal decomposition of APP by selected metal ions and their potential for improved cotton fabric flame retardancy, Polym Degrad Stab, 88, 114, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.029
Horrocks AR, Davies P, Alderson A, Kandola B. The challenge of replacing halogen flame retardants in textile applications: phosphorus mobility in back-coating formulations. In: Proceedings of 10th European meeting of fire retardant polymers, FRMP’05, Berlin, 6–9th September 2005; Schartel B, editor. Advances in the flame retardancy of polymeric materials: current perspectives presented at FRPM’05. Norderstedt, Germany: Herstellung and Verlag; 2007. p. 141–58.
Horrocks, 2007, The potential for volatile phosphorus-containing flame retardants in textile back-coatings, J Fire Sci, 25, 523, 10.1177/0734904107083553
Giraud, 2005, Flame retarded polyurea with microencapsulated ammonium phosphate for textile coating, Polym Degrad Stab, 88, 106, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.01.028
Saihi, 2005, Microencapsulation of ammonium phosphate with a polyurethane shell part I: coacervation technique, React Funct Polym, 64, 127, 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.05.004
Saihi, 2006, Microencapsulation of ammonium phosphate with a polyurethane shell. Part II. Interfacial polymerization technique, React Funct Polym, 66, 1118, 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.02.001
Rohringer, 1975, Mechanistic study of flame inhibition by phosphonate- and phosphonium-based flame retardants on cotton and polyester fabrics, Text Res J, 45, 586, 10.1177/004051757504500803
Day, 1982, Flame retardant polyester fabrics – a scientific examination, Can Text J, 99, 39
Hastie, 1980
Babushok, 2000, Inhibitor rankings for alkane combustion, Combust Flame, 123, 488, 10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00168-1
National Academy of Sciences, 2000
Wakelyn, 2008, Environmentally friendly flame resistant textiles, 188
European Union risk assessment report for bis(pentabromodiphenyl) ether. European Chemicals Bureau, www.bsef.com; 2003 [closed 26.05.04].
European Union risk assessment draft report for 2,2′6,6′-tetrabromo-4,4′-isopropylidene (or tetrabromobisphenol-a). European Chemicals Bureau, www.bsef.com; May 2005 [to be finalized end 2007].
European Union risk assessment draft report for hexabromocyclododecane. European Chemicals Bureau, www.bsef.com; October 2007.
Hess, 2009, Industry to phase out decaBDE, Chem Eng News, 87
Wang, 2008, Halogen-free flame retardants, 67
Chen, 2005, Flame-retardant and anti-dripping effects of a novel char-forming flame retardant for the treatment of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabrics, Polym Degrad Stab, 88, 349, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.11.010
Wang, 2005, Thermal oxidative degradation behaviours of flame-retardant copolyesters containing phosphorous linked pendent group/montmorillonite nanocomposites, Polym Degrad Stab, 87, 171, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.08.004
Aizenshtein, 2002, Polyester fibre with low combustibility, Fibre Chem, 34, 172, 10.1023/A:1020510913176
Lecomte, 2008, Commercial fire-retarded PET formulations – relationship between thermal degradation behaviour and fire-retardant action, Polym Degrad Stab, 93, 498, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.005
Horrocks, 2008, Nanocomposites II: potential applications for nanocomposite-based flame retardant systems, 124
Awad, 2004, Thermal degradation studies of alkyl-imidazolium salts and their application in nanocomposites, Thermochim Acta, 409, 3, 10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00334-4
Monticelli, 2007, Influence of compatibilizer degradation on formation and properties of PA6/organoclay nanocomposites, Polym Degrad Stab, 92, 370, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.12.010
Yasue, 2000, In situ polymerisation route to nylon 6-clay nanocomposites, 111
Sinha Ray, 2003, New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites: 6. Melt rheology and foam processing, Macromol Mater Eng, 288, 936, 10.1002/mame.200300156
Matayabas JC, Turner SR, Sublett BJ, Connell GW, Barbee RB. PCT Int. Appl. WO 98/29499 (to Eastman Chemical Co., 7/9/98).
Davies, 2003, Processing degradation of polyamide 6 montmorillonite nanocomposites
Horrocks, 2007, Polypropylene fibres containing dispersed clays having improved fire performance. Part I: effect of nanoclays on processing parameters and fibre properties, J Appl Polym Sci, 106, 1707, 10.1002/app.26864
Schartel, 2007, Considerations regarding specific impacts of the principal flame retardant mechanisms in nanocomposites, 107
Gilman, 2002, Improved thermal stability of crown ether and imidazolium treatments for flame retardant polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites, 139
Gilman, 2000, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites with conventional flame retardants, 193
Gilman, 1997, Flammability and thermal stability studies of polymer layered-silicate (clay) nanocomposites, Appl Clay Sci, 15, 31, 10.1016/S0169-1317(99)00019-8
Bourbigot S, Devaux E, Rochery M, Flambard X. Nanocomposite textiles: new routes for flame retardancy. In: Proceedings from the 47th international SAMPE symposium, 2000 May 12–16, vol. 47; 2002. p. 1108–18.
Bourbigot, 2002, Flammability of polyamide-6/clay hybrid nanocomposite textiles, Polym Degrad Stab, 75, 397, 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00245-2
Kashiwagi, 2003, Flame retardant mechanism of a polymer clay nanocomposite
Kashiwagi, 2004, Flame retardant mechanism of polyamide 6–clay nanocomposites, Polymer, 45, 881, 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.11.036
Drysdale, 1999
Solarski, 2007, Polylactide/clay nanocomposite textile: thermal, mechanical, shrinkage and fire properties, J Mater Sci, 42, 5105, 10.1007/s10853-006-0911-0
2007
Padbury, 2003, The effect of phosphorus – containing flame retardants and nanoclay on the burning behaviour of polyamides 6 and 6.6
Horrocks, 2005, The effect of functional nanoclays in enhancing the fire performance of fibre-forming polymers, J Text Inst, 94, 46, 10.1080/00405000308630628
Horrocks, 2004, Effectiveness of nanoclays as flame retardants for fibres, 97
Levchik, 2000, Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons, Polym Int, 49, 1033, 10.1002/1097-0126(200010)49:10<1033::AID-PI518>3.0.CO;2-I
Zhang, 2006, Flammability, degradation and structural characterization of fibre-forming polypropylene containing nanoclay–flame retardant combinations, Polym Degrad Stab, 91, 719, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.023
Bourbigot, 2005, Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes: applications to flame retardant textiles, 189
Bellayer, 2004
Smart, 2008, Polypropylene fibres containing dispersed clays having improved fire performance. Part II: characterisation of fibres and fabrics from nanocomposite PP blends, Polym Adv Technol, 19, 658, 10.1002/pat.1137
Horrocks AR, Hicks J, Davies P, Alderson A, Taylor J. Flame retardant copolymeric polyacryonitrile fibres containing dispersed phyllosilicate clays. In: Proceedings of 11th European conference on fire retardant polymers, Bolton, UK, July 2007. Hull TR, Kandola BK, editors. Flame retardancy polymers: new strategies and mechanisms. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry; 2009. p. 307–30.
Bourbigot, 2002, Polyurethane/clay and polyurethane/POSS nanocomposites as flame retarded coating for polyester and cotton fabrics, Fire Mater, 26, 149, 10.1002/fam.792
Horrocks, 2010, Smart/intelligent flame retardant resistant coatings and laminates, 264
Stegmaier, 2007, Nanotechnologies for coating and structuring of textiles, 409
Hyde, 2007, Electrostatic self-assembled nanolayer films on cotton fibres, 428
Luzinov, 2007, Nanofabrication of thin polymer films, 448
Minko, 2007, Hybrid polymer nanolayers for surface modification of fibers, 470
Horrocks, 2005, Thermal (heat and fire) protection, 398
Shi, 1999, Investigation of surface modification and reaction kinetics of PET in CF4–CH4 plasmas, J Polym Eng, 19, 445, 10.1515/POLYENG.1999.19.6.445
Shi, 2000, An approach to the flame retardation and smoke suppression of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer by plasma grafting of acrylamide, React Funct Polym, 45, 85, 10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00015-8
Tsafack, 2004, Polymerization and surface modification by low pressure plasma technique, Eur Phys J Appl Phys, 26, 215, 10.1051/epjap:2004038
Tsafack, 2006, Plasma-induced graft-polymerization of flame retardant monomers onto PAN fabrics, Surf Coat Technol, 200, 3503, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.11.030
Bhattacharya, 2004, Grafting: a versatile means to modify polymers. Techniques, factors and applications, Prog Polym Sci, 29, 767, 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2004.05.002
Tsafack, 2006, Flame retardancy of cotton textiles by plasma-induced graft-polymerization (PIGP), Surf Coat Technol, 201, 2599, 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.05.002
Jama C, Quédé A, Goudmand P, Dessaux O, Le Bras M, Delobel R, et al. Fire retardancy and thermal stability of materials coated by organosilicon thin films using a cold remote plasma process. ACS symposium series, vol. 797; 2001. p. 200–13.
Quédé, 2005, Plasma-assisted process for fire properties improvement of polyamide and clay nanocomposite-reinforced polyamide: a scale-up study, 276
Horrocks AR, Kandola BK, Nazaré S, Price D. Flash fire resistant fabric. UK Patent Application 0900069.6; 5 January 2009.
Horrocks AR, Nazaré S, Masood R, Kandola BK, Price D. Surface modification of fabrics for improved flash-fire resistance using atmospheric pressure plasma in the presence of a functionalised clay and polysiloxane. Polym Adv Technol, in press.
NFPA 2112; Standard on flame resistant garments for protection of industrial personnel against flash fire, 2007 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Mass., USA.
2007
Herbert, 2007, Atmospheric-pressure cold plasma processing technology, 79
Stegmaier, 2007, Corona and dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment of textiles for technical applications, 129