Fixed sanction frameworks in the World Anti-Doping Codes 2015 and 2021: Can hearing panels go below the limits in the pursuit of proportionate punishments?

Andenas M, Andersen C (2012) Theory and practice of harmonisation. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham

Baddeley M (2019) The extraordinary autonomy of sports bodies under Swiss law: lessons to be drawn. Int Sports Law J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-019-00163-6

Costa J-P (2013) Legal opinion on the draft 2015 WADC. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/legal/legal-opinion-on-the-draft-2015-world-anti-doping-code

Costa J-P (2019) Legal opinion 2019 (expert opinion) on the World Anti-Doping Code. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/avis_2019_code_mondial_en.pdf

Craig P, de Búrca G (2015) EU law: text, cases, and materials, 5th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

David P (2017) A guide to the World Anti-Doping Code. The fight for the spirit of sport, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Duffy J (2013) Proportionality of sanctions under the WADA Code: CAS jurisprudence and the need for a strict approach. Austral Dispute Resolut J 24(1):26–40

Duval A (2018) The “victory” of the court of arbitration for sport at the European Court of human rights: the end of the beginning for the CAS. Int Sports Law Blog. https://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/the-victory-of-the-court-of-arbitration-for-sport-at-the-european-court-of-human-rights-the-end-of-the-beginning-for-the-cas

Exner J (2018) Anti-doping and athletes’ rights under EU law: four-year period of ineligibility as disproportionate sanction? Int Sports Law J 17(3–4):128–138

Exner J (2019) Fixed sanction framework in the World Anti-Doping Code: can hearing panels go below the limits in the pursuit of proportionate sanctions? Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2019/II/4: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3412346

Greene PJ, Vermeer R (2018) Why WADA should reclassify cocaine as a “specified substance”—the inequitable case of José Paolo Guerrero. Law in Sport (online), 19 December 2018. https://www.lawinsport.com/topics/sports/item/why-wada-should-reclassify-cocaine-as-a-non-specified-substance-the-inequitable-case-of-jose-paolo-guerrero#references

Houben J (2007) Proportionality in the World Anti-Doping Code: is there enough room for flexibility? International Sports Law Journal 12(1–2):10–18

Houlihan B (2003) Dying to win—doping in sport and the development of anti-doping policy, 2nd edn. Council of Europe

Janák J (2015) Proportionality of sanctions under the WADA Code: a case study from the Czech Republic. Law in Sport (online), 19 May 2015: https://www.lawinsport.com/blog/jiri-janek1/item/proportionality-of-sanctions-under-the-wada-code-a-case-study-from-the-czech-republic

Kaufmann-Kohler G, Malinverni G, Rigozzi A (2003) Conformity of certain provisions of the draft WADC with commonly accepted principles of international law. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/legal/conformity-with-international-law

Kramer EA (2019) Juristische Methodenlehre, 6th edn. C. H. Beck München, München

Maxeimer J (2008) Some realism about legal certainty in the globalization of the rule of law. Houston J Int Law 31(1):27–46

Menski WF (2006) Comparative law in a global context. The legal systems of Asia and Africa, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Niggli O, Sieveking J (2006) Selected case law rendered under the World Anti-Doping Code. Jusletter 20:11

Petržela J (2018) Compliance assessment of sanctions for anti-doping rules violation with EU law. Master’ thesis. Masaryk University, Faculty of Law

Rigozzi A (2005) L’arbitrage international en matière de sport. Helbing and Lichtenhahn, Basel

Rigozzi A, Quinn B (2018) The Guerrero Doping Saga: proportionality questioned. Football Legal, pp 94–106

Rigozzi A, Kaufmann-Kohler G, Malinverni G (2003) Doping and fundamental rights of Athletes: comments in the wake of the adoption of the World Anti-Doping Code. International Sports Law Review, pp 39–52

Rigozzi A, Haas U, Wisnosky E, Viret M (2015) Breaking down the process for determining a basic sanction under the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. Int Sports law J 15:3–48

Rouiller C (2005) Legal opinion on whether Article 10.2 of the World Anti-Doping Code is compatible with the Fundamental Principles of Swiss Domestic Law. World Anti-Doping Agency. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Jusletter_eng.pdf

Soek J (2006) The strict liability principles and the human rights of athletes in doping cases. TMC Asser Press, The Hague

Spera S (2017) Time for transparency at the court of arbitration for sport. Int Sports Law J. https://www.asser.nl/SportsLaw/Blog/post/transparency-at-the-court-of-arbitration-for-sport-by-saverio-spera