Fisioterapia de la espasticidad: técnicas y metodos

Rémy–Néris, 1997, Espasticidad, 8 Bobath, 1997, Base neurofisiológica para el tratamiento de la parálisis cerebral Garoutte, 1983, Neuroanatomía funcional Hernandez, 1987, Emas de biomecánica y patomecánica Boiteau, 1995, Use of a hand–held dynamometer and a Kin–Com dynamometer for evaluating spastic hypertonia in children: a reliability study, 10.1093/ptj/75.9.796 García Conde, 1997, Patologia general. Semiología clínica y fisiopatología. McCarthy, 1989, Parálisis Cerebral–clínica Rapin, 1987, Disfunción cerebral en la infancia, 94 Young, 1987, Spasticity, Clin Orthop, 219, 50, 10.1097/00003086-198706000-00008 Pedersen, 1980, Management of spasticity on neurophysiological basis, Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl, 7, 68 Hufschmidt, 1985, Chronic transformation of muscle in spasticity: a peripheral contribution to increased tone, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 48, 676, 10.1136/jnnp.48.7.676 Chauviers, 2002, La spasticité. Mécanismes et traitements masso–kinésithérapiques. Stolp–Smith, 1990, Antidepressant exhacerbation of spasticity., Arch Phys Med rehabil, 80, 339, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90148-X García, 1999, Crioterapia en el tratamiento de la espasticidad de la parálisis cerebral, Fisioterapia, 21, 133 García, 2001, Vibroterapia en la inhibición de la espasticidad asociada a la enfermedad motriz cerebral, Rev Iberoam Fisioter Kinesiol, 4, 66 Villanueva, 1988, Aplicación del biofeedback electromiográfico en lesiones neuromusculares, Fisioterapia, 20, 12 Martínez, 2001, Biofeedback en fisioterapia, Cuestiones de fisioterapia, 18, 1 Tona, 1993, The efficacy of upper extremity inhibitive casting: a single–subject pilot study, Am J Occup Ther, 47, 901, 10.5014/ajot.47.10.901 Chauviére, 1991, Influence des conditions de mobilisation sur la cotation de l'épreuve de held pour la mesure de la spasticit&eacute, Ann Kinésithér, 24, 21 Gracies, 2001, Evaluation de la spasticité. Apport de l'échelle de Tardieu, Motricité Cérébrale, 22, 1 Bohannon, 1987, Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth Scale of muscle spasticity, Phys Ther, 67, 206, 10.1093/ptj/67.2.206 http://neurologia.rediris.es/neurologia/escalas/tono–espasticidad.html Romero Puertas, 1999, Efectuación motora. Integración motora a nivel espinal. Reflejos musculares. Sistema nervioso autónomo, 63 Sherrington, 1913, Reflex Inhibition as a factor in the coordination of movements and postures, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 6, 251, 10.1113/expphysiol.1913.sp000142 Carr, 1992, Positioning of the stock patient. A review of the literature, Int J Nurs stud, 29, 355, 10.1016/0020-7489(92)90014-8 Barat, 1993, Les traitements de la spasticité dans les lésions cerebrales de ládulte, Ann Readapt Med Phys, 36, 372 Harris, 1991, Joint mobilization for children with central nervous system disorders: indications and precautions, J Phys Ther, 71, 890, 10.1093/ptj/71.12.890 Voss, 1996 Butefisch, 1995, Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand, J Neurol Sci, 130, 59, 10.1016/0022-510X(95)00003-K Carey, 1990, Manual stretch: effect on finger movement control and force control in stroke subjects with spastic extrinsic finger flexor muscles, Arch Phys Med Rehábil, 71, 888 Odeen, 1981, Reduction of muscular hypertonus by long term muscle stretch, Scand J Rehabil Med, 13, 93 Collins, 1985, Customized adjustable orthoses: their use in spasticity, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 66, 397 Mathiowetz, 1983, Immediate effects of positioning device an a normal and spastic hand measured by electromyography, Am J Occup Ther, 37, 247, 10.5014/ajot.37.4.247 Eyssette, 1989, La spasticité de l'hémiplégie, les mohines thérapéutiques, Concours Med, 111, 3291 Xhardez, 1993, Vademécum de kinesioterapia y de reeducación funcional, 33 Paeth, 2000, Experiencias con el Concepto Bobath. Fundamentos.Tratamiento.Casos, Buenos Aires: Panamericana Bouisset, 1995, Muscles, posture et mouvement. Bases et application de la méthode électromyographique, Buenos Aires: Panamericana Schleenbacker, 1993, Electromyographic–biofeedback for neuromuscular reeducation in hemiplegic stroke patient: a metw analisis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 74, 1301, 10.1016/0003-9993(93)90083-M Goff, 1989, Método de Rood. En: Downie P. Neurología para fisioterapeutas Faist, 1994, A quantitative assessment of presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents in spastics. Differences in hemiplegics and paraplegics., Brain, 117, 1449, 10.1093/brain/117.6.1449 Iwatsuki, 1989, Effect of vobratory stimulation on silent period in the standing position: a comparison between elderly and young groups, Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 1, 13 Takakura, 1996, Vibration–induced finger flexion reflex and inhibitory effect of acupuncture on this reflex in cervical spinal cord injury patients, Neurosci Res, 26, 391, 10.1016/S0168-0102(96)01119-4 Fromm, 1976, Reflex responses of gamma motoneurones to vibration of the muscle they innervate, J Physiol, 256, 117, 10.1113/jphysiol.1976.sp011315 Viel, 1989 Price, 1993, Influence of cryotherapy on spasticity of the human ankle, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 74, 300 Viel, 1959, Treatment of spasticity by exposure to cold, Phys Ther Rev, 39 Kelly, 1969, Effectiveness of a cryotherapy technique on spasticity, Phys Ther, 49, 349, 10.1093/ptj/49.4.349 Miglietta, 1973, Action of cold on spasticity, Am J Phys Med, 52, 198 Semenova, 1986, Cryotherapy in the complex restorative treatment of children with infantile cerebral palsy, Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 86, 1459 Tepperman, 1983, Therapeutic heat and cold. A practicioner's guide, Postgrad Med, 73, 69, 10.1080/00325481.1983.11698314 Fialka, 1994, Kryotherapy wien med wochensr, 144, 42 Davies, 2003, Pasos a seguir. Tratamiento de pacientes con hemiplegía, Buenos Aires: Panamericana Preisinger, 1994, Thermo and hidrotherapie, Wien Med Wochensr, 144, 520 Borrell, 1977, Fluidotherapy: evaluation of a new heat modality, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 58, 69 Schupp, 1991, Spastic movement disorders: non–medicamentous therapies based on neurophysiologic principles Kern, 1997, Functional electrical stimulation in paraplegic spastic patients., Artif organs, 21, 195, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1997.tb04651.x Franek, 1987 Gottlieb, 1985, Evaluation of cervical stimulation for chronic treatment of spasticity, Neuroly, 35, 699, 10.1212/WNL.35.5.699 Carmick, 1993, Clinical use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for children with cerebral palsy, Phys Ther, 73, 505, 10.1093/ptj/73.8.505 Seib, 1994, The quantitative measurement of spasticity:effect of cutaneous electrical stimulation, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 75, 746, 10.1016/0003-9993(94)90129-5 Potisk, 1995, Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on spasticity in patients with hemiplegia., Scand J Rehabil Med, 27, 169 Levin, 1992, Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions., Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 85, 131, 10.1016/0168-5597(92)90079-Q Hersler, 1989, Effects of chronic cerebellar stimulation (CCS) setting on the gait and speech of a spastic cerebral palsy adult Noël–Ducret, 2000, Método de Kabat. Facilitación Neuromuscular por la propiocepción Sawner, 1992, Brunnstrom's movement therapy in hemiplegia. Liom, 1987, L'approche sensoriomotrice de la rééducation de l'hémiplégie., Concilia Med, 87, 158 Cochet, 2000, Concepto Bobath y rehabilitación en Neurología., 14 Vojta, 1991, Alteraciones Motoras Cerebrales Infantiles, Madrid:Paideia–Atam Levitt, 1996, Tratamiento de la parálisis cerebral y del retraso motor, Buenos Aires: Panamericana, 36 Perfetti, 1999, El ejercicio terapéutico cognoscitivo para la reeducación motora del hemipléjico adulto. Barcelona: Edika Med Sartaguda, 2001, Hipoterapia. Cuestiones de Fisioterapia, Barcelona,Mosby–Doyma, 18, 75 1995, Le Métayer. Reeducación cerebromotriz del niño pequeño. Educación terapéutica. Barcelona:, Masson, 2 Koziavkin, 1992, The potentials of manual therapy in the neuromotor correctionof the statokinetic disorders in infantila cerebral palsy., Vopr Kurortol Lech Fiz Kult, 2, 44 Leland Albrigth, 1997, Tratamiento de la espasticidad: las opciones actuales requieren una consideración cuidadosa., Exceptional Parent, 2, 29