Fish, docosahexaenoic acid and Alzheimer’s disease

Progress in Lipid Research - Tập 48 Số 5 - Trang 239-256 - 2009
Stephen C. Cunnane1, Mélanie Plourde1, Fabien Pifferi1, M.E. Bégin1, Catherine Féart2,3, Pascale Barberger‐Gateau2,3
1Department of Medicine and Research Center on Aging, 1036 Belvédère St. South, CSSS-IUGS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 4C4
2INSERM U897, Bordeaux F-33076, France
3Univ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux F-33076, France

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Blennow, 2006, Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet, 368, 387, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69113-7

Fotuhi, 2009, Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association, Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 5, 140, 10.1038/ncpneuro1044

Boudrault, 2009, Experimental models and mechanisms underlying the protective effects of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Alzheimer’s disease, J Nutr Biochem, 20, 1, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.05.016

Schmitz, 2008, The opposing effects of n−3 and n−6 fatty acids, Prog Lipid Res, 47, 147, 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.12.004

American Psychiatric Association, 1994

Dubois, 2007, Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, Lancet Neurol, 6, 734, 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3

Gauthier, 2006, Mild cognitive impairment, Lancet, 367, 1262, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5

Petersen, 2001, Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment, Arch Neurol, 58, 1985, 10.1001/archneur.58.12.1985

Petersen, 1999, Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome, Arch Neurol, 56, 303, 10.1001/archneur.56.3.303

Winblad, 2004, Mild cognitive impairment–beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the international working group on mild cognitive impairment, J Intern Med, 256, 240, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x

Hardy, 2002, The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics, Science, 297, 353, 10.1126/science.1072994

McLean, 1999, Soluble pool of Abeta amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease, Ann Neurol, 46, 860, 10.1002/1531-8249(199912)46:6<860::AID-ANA8>3.0.CO;2-M

Meyer MR, Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Steffens DC, Wyse BW et al. APOE genotype predicts when [mdash] not whether [mdash] one is predisposed to develop Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet 1998;19:321.

Gillette Guyonnet, 2007, IANA task force on nutrition and cognitive decline with aging, J Nutr Health Aging, 11, 132

Gomez-Pinilla F. Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:568.

Luchsinger, 2004, Dietary factors and Alzheimer’s disease, Lancet Neurol, 3, 579, 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00878-6

Crawford, 2006, Docosahexaenoic acid in neural signaling systems, Nutr Health, 18, 263, 10.1177/026010600601800309

Innis, 2007, Dietary (n−3) fatty acids and brain development, J Nutr, 137, 855, 10.1093/jn/137.4.855

Calon, 2007, Neuroprotective action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from animal studies, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 77, 287, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.019

Lukiw, 2005, A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease, J Clin Invest, 115, 2774, 10.1172/JCI25420

Florent, 2006, Docosahexaenoic acid prevents neuronal apoptosis induced by soluble amyloid-beta oligomers, J Neurochem, 96, 385, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03541.x

Bate C, Marshall V, Colombo L, Diomede L, Salmona M, Williams A. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids increase neuronal death in response to HuPrP82-146 and A[beta]1-42. Neuropharmacology 2008;54:934.

Kawarabayashi, 2008, Plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, Curr Opin Psychiatry, 21, 260, 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282fc989f

Solfrizzi, 2006, Circulating biomarkers of cognitive decline and dementia, Clin Chim Acta, 364, 91, 10.1016/j.cca.2005.06.015

Balk, 2007, A collaborative effort to apply the evidence-based review process to the field of nutrition: challenges, benefits, and lessons learned, Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 1448, 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1448

No author, Dietary supplementation with n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447–55.

Leon H, Shibata MC, Sivakumaran S, Dorgan M, Chatterley T, Tsuyuki RT, Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. Bmj 2008;337:a2931.

Tavazzi, 2008, Effect of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 372, 1223, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61239-8

Yokoyama, 2007, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis, Lancet, 369, 1090, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60527-3

Yaffe, 2007, Metabolic syndrome and cognitive disorders – is the sum greater than its parts?, Alz Dis Assoc Dis, 21, 167, 10.1097/WAD.0b013e318065bfd6

Kalmijn, 2000, Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging study, Arterioscler Thromb Vas Biol, 20, 2255, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.10.2255

Raffaitin, 2009, Metabolic syndrome and risk for incident Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: the Three-City Study, Diabetes Care, 32, 169, 10.2337/dc08-0272

Caslake, 2008, Effect of sex and genotype on cardiovascular biomarker response to fish oils: the FINGEN Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 618, 10.1093/ajcn/88.3.618

Griffin, 2006, Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n−6 to n−3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45–70 y: the OPTILIP Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 84, 1290, 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1290

Gunnarsdottir I, Tomasson H, Kiely M, Martinez JA, Bandarra NM, Morais MG et al. Inclusion of fish or fish oil in weight-loss diets for young adults: effects on blood lipids. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:1105.

Kelley, 2007, Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men, Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 324, 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.324

Krebs JD, Browning LM, McLean NK, Rothwell JL, Mishra GD, Moore CS et al. Additive benefits of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and weight-loss in the management of cardiovascular disease risk in overweight hyperinsulinaemic women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:1535.

Maki, 2005, Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, J Am Coll Nutr, 24, 189, 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719465

Nagao K, Yanagita T. Bioactive lipids in metabolic syndrome. Prog Lipid Res 2008;47:127.

Schwellenbach, 2006, The triglyceride-lowering effects of a modest dose of docosahexaenoic acid alone versus in combination with low dose eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with coronary artery disease and elevated triglycerides, J Am Coll Nutr, 25, 480, 10.1080/07315724.2006.10719562

Stark, 2000, Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 389, 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.389

Thies F, Garry JMC, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP et al. Association of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:477.

Florent-Bechard S, Malaplate-Armand C, Koziel V, Kriem B, Olivier JL, Pillot T et al. Towards a nutritional approach for prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: Biochemical and cellular aspects. J Neurol Sci 2007.

Floyd, 1999, Neuroinflammatory processes are important in neurodegenerative diseases: an hypothesis to explain the increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as major factors involved in neurodegenerative disease development, Free Radic Biol Med, 26, 1346, 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00293-7

Cunningham, 2009, Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease, Biol Psychiatry, 65, 304, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.024

Bazan, 2007, Omega-3 fatty acids, pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroprotection, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 10, 136, 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32802b7030

Himmelfarb, 2007, Gamma-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid decrease inflammation in dialysis patients, J Ren Nutr, 17, 296, 10.1053/j.jrn.2007.05.011

Mori, 2003, Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects, Free Radic Biol Med, 35, 772, 10.1016/S0891-5849(03)00407-6

Murphy, 2007, Impact of foods enriched with n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on erythrocyte n−3 levels and cardiovascular risk factors, Br J Nutr, 97, 749, 10.1017/S000711450747252X

Plat, 2007, Weight loss, but not fish oil consumption, improves fasting and postprandial serum lipids, markers of endothelial function, and inflammatory signatures in moderately obese men, J Nutr, 137, 2635, 10.1093/jn/137.12.2635

Yusof HM, Miles EA, Calder P. Influence of very long-chain n−3 fatty acids on plasma markers of inflammation in middle-aged men. Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids 2008;78:219.

Vedin, 2008, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich n−3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine release from blood mononuclear leukocytes: the OmegAD study, Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 1616, 10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1616

Steele, 2007, The molecular basis of the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease through healthy nutrition, Exp Gerontol, 42, 28, 10.1016/j.exger.2006.06.002

Floyd, 2002, Oxidative stress in brain aging. Implications for therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases, Neurobiol Aging, 23, 795, 10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00019-2

Choi, 2004, Oxidative modifications and down-regulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 associated with idiopathic Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, J Biol Chem, 279, 13256, 10.1074/jbc.M314124200

Migliore, 2005, Oxidative DNA damage in peripheral leukocytes of mild cognitive impairment and AD patients, Neurobiol Aging, 26, 567, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.016

Guillot, 2008, Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on some megakaryocytic cell gene expression of some enzymes controlling prostanoid synthesis, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 372, 924, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.155

Hashimoto, 2002, Docosahexaenoic acid provides protection from impairment of learning ability in Alzheimer’s disease model rats, J Neurochem, 81, 1084, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00905.x

Cole, 2005, Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: Omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions, Neurobiol Aging, 26, 133, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.005

Nalsen, 2006, Dietary (n−3) fatty acids reduce plasma F2-isoprostanes but not prostaglandin F2alpha in healthy humans, J Nutr, 136, 1222, 10.1093/jn/136.5.1222

Allard, 1997, Lipid peroxidation during n−3 fatty acid and vitamin E supplementation in humans, Lipids, 32, 535, 10.1007/s11745-997-0068-2

Lagarde, 2008, Docosahexaenoic acid: nutrient and precursor of bioactive lipids, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 110, 673, 10.1002/ejlt.200800087

Bazan, 2006, Cell survival matters: docosahexaenoic acid signaling, neuroprotection and photoreceptors, Trends Neurosci, 29, 263, 10.1016/j.tins.2006.03.005

Lukiw, 2008, Docosahexaenoic acid and the aging brain, J Nutr, 138, 2510, 10.3945/jn.108.096016

Berger, 2002, The mechanisms of action of PPARs, Annu Rev Med, 53, 409, 10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104018

Pegorier, 2004, Control of gene expression by fatty acids, J Nutr, 134, 2444S, 10.1093/jn/134.9.2444S

Harris, 2006, Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides?, Curr Opin Lipidol, 17, 387, 10.1097/01.mol.0000236363.63840.16

Zoete, 2007, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor structures: ligand specificity, molecular switch and interactions with regulators, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1771, 915, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.007

Heneka, 2007, PPARs in the brain, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1771, 1031, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.04.016

Sundararajan, 2006, PPARgamma as a therapeutic target in central nervous system diseases, Neurochem Int, 49, 136, 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.03.020

Sampath, 2004, Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expression, Nutr Rev, 62, 333, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00058.x

Sampath, 2005, Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of genes of lipid metabolism, Annu Rev Nutr, 25, 317, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.051804.101917

Desvergne, 1999, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: nuclear control of metabolism, Endocr Rev, 20, 649, 10.1210/er.20.5.649

Calderon, 2007, Role of RXR in neurite outgrowth induced by docosahexaenoic acid, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 77, 227, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.026

de Urquiza, 2000, Docosahexaenoic acid, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor in mouse brain, Science, 290, 2140, 10.1126/science.290.5499.2140

Lengqvist, 2004, Polyunsaturated fatty acids including docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid bind to the retinoid X receptor alpha ligand-binding domain, Mol Cell Proteomics, 3, 692, 10.1074/mcp.M400003-MCP200

Etchamendy, 2001, Alleviation of a selective age-related relational memory deficit in mice by pharmacologically induced normalization of brain retinoid signaling, J Neurosci, 21, 6423, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06423.2001

Feart, 2005, Differential effect of retinoic acid and triiodothyronine on the age-related hypo-expression of neurogranin in rat, Neurobiol Aging, 26, 729, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.06.004

Mingaud, 2008, Retinoid hyposignaling contributes to aging-related decline in hippocampal function in short-term/working memory organization and long-term declarative memory encoding in mice, J Neurosci, 28, 279, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4065-07.2008

Tafti, 2007, Functional implication of the vitamin A signaling pathway in the brain, Arch Neurol, 64, 1706, 10.1001/archneur.64.12.1706

Goodman, 2006, Retinoid receptors, transporters, and metabolizers as therapeutic targets in late onset Alzheimer disease, J Cell Physiol, 209, 598, 10.1002/jcp.20784

Goodman, 2003, Evidence for defective retinoid transport and function in late onset Alzheimer’s disease, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 2901, 10.1073/pnas.0437937100

Kalmijn, 1997, Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study, Ann Neurol, 42, 776, 10.1002/ana.410420514

Engelhart, 2002, Diet and risk of dementia: does fat matter?: the Rotterdam Study, Neurology, 59, 1915, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000038345.77753.46

Barberger-Gateau, 2002, Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study, Bmj, 325, 932, 10.1136/bmj.325.7370.932

Barberger-Gateau, 2007, Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the Three-City cohort study, Neurology, 69, 1921, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000278116.37320.52

Eskelinen, 2008, Fat intake at midlife and cognitive impairment later in life: a population-based CAIDE study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 23, 741, 10.1002/gps.1969

Huang, 2005, Benefits of fatty fish on dementia risk are stronger for those without APOE epsilon4, Neurology, 65, 1409, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000183148.34197.2e

Morris, 2003, Consumption of fish and n−3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease, Arch Neurol, 60, 940, 10.1001/archneur.60.7.940

Morris, 2005, Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study, Arch Neurol, 62, 1849, 10.1001/archneur.62.12.noc50161

Schaefer, 2006, Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study, Arch Neurol, 63, 1545, 10.1001/archneur.63.11.1545

Kalmijn, 2004, Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age, Neurology, 62, 275, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000103860.75218.A5

Barberger-Gateau, 2005, Correlates of regular fish consumption in French elderly community dwellers: data from the Three-City study, Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 817, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602145

Nurk, 2007, Cognitive performance among the elderly and dietary fish intake: the Hordaland Health Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 1470, 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1470

Virtanen, 2008, Fish consumption and risk of subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults, Neurology, 71, 439, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324414.12665.b0

Bourre, 2008, Contributions (in 2005) of marine and fresh water products (finfish and shellfish, seafood, wild and farmed) to the French dietary intakes of vitamins D and B12, selenium, iodine and docosahexaenoic acid: impact on public health, Int J Food Sci Nutr, 59, 491, 10.1080/09637480701553741

Chung, 2008, Frequency and type of seafood consumed influence plasma (n−3) fatty acid concentrations, J Nutr, 138, 2422, 10.3945/jn.108.089631

Burdge, 2005, Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults, Reprod Nutr Dev, 45, 581, 10.1051/rnd:2005047

Plourde, 2007, Extremely limited synthesis of long chain polyunsaturates in adults: implications for their dietary essentiality and use as suppements, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 32, 619, 10.1139/H07-034

Bégin M, Plourde M, Pifferi F, Cunnane SC. What is the link between DHA, progressive cognitive deterioration and Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly? In: Montmayeur JP, Le-Coutre J, editors. Fat detection: taste, texture, and post ingestive effects. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis; in press.

Willett, 1998

Scarmeas, 2006, Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer’s disease, Ann Neurol, 59, 912, 10.1002/ana.20854

Arterburn, 2006, Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n−3 fatty acids in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 83, S1467, 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1467S

Sanders, 1978, Studies of vegans: the fatty acid composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indicators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls, Am J Clin Nutr, 31, 805, 10.1093/ajcn/31.5.805

Beydoun, 2007, Plasma n−3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 1103, 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1103

Heude, 2003, Cognitive decline and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes – the EVA Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 803, 10.1093/ajcn/77.4.803

Laurin, 2003, Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, J Alzheimers Dis, 5, 315, 10.3233/JAD-2003-5407

Samieri, 2008, Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and depressive symptomatology are independent predictors of dementia risk, Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 714, 10.1093/ajcn/88.3.714

Dullemeijer, 2007, n−3 fatty acid proportions in plasma and cognitive performance in older adults, Am J Clin Nutr, 86, 1479, 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1479

Corrigan, 1991, Tin and fatty acids in dementia, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 43, 229, 10.1016/0952-3278(91)90035-4

Plourde M, Fortier M, Vandal M, Tremblay-Mercier J, Freemantle E, Bégin M et al. Unresolved issues in the link between docosahexaenoic acid and Alzheimer disease. Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids 2007;77 301–8.

Soderberg, 1991, Fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids in aging and in Alzheimer’s disease, Lipids, 26, 421, 10.1007/BF02536067

Corrigan, 1998, Abnormal content of n−6 and n−3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides and cholesterol esters of parahippocampal cortex from Alzheimer’s disease patients and its relationship to acetyl CoA content, Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 30, 197, 10.1016/S1357-2725(97)00125-8

Han, 2001, Plasmalogen deficiency in early Alzheimer’s disease subjects and in animal models: molecular characterization using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J Neurochem, 77, 1168, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00332.x

Guan, 1999, Decrease and structural modifications of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen in the brain with Alzheimer disease, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 58, 740, 10.1097/00005072-199907000-00008

Prasad, 1998, Regional membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer’s disease, Neurochem Res, 23, 81, 10.1023/A:1022457605436

Skinner, 1993, Differences in the fatty acid composition of the grey and white matter of different regions of the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects, Brain, 116, 717, 10.1093/brain/116.3.717

Farooqui, 2007, Modulation of inflammation in brain: a matter of fat, J Neurochem, 101, 577, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04371.x

Brenna, 2007, The influence of dietary docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid on central nervous system polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 77, 247, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.016

Rapoport, 2008, Arachidonic acid and the brain, J Nutr, 138, 2515, 10.1093/jn/138.12.2515

Svennerholm, 1997, Changes in weight and compositions of major membrane components of human brain during the span of adult human life of Swedes, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 94, 345, 10.1007/s004010050717

van de Rest, 2008, Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects: a randomized, controlled trial, Neurology, 71, 430, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000324268.45138.86

Freund-Levi, 2006, Omega-3 fatty acid treatment in 174 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: OmegAD study: a randomized double-blind trial, Arch Neurol, 63, 1402, 10.1001/archneur.63.10.1402

Chiu, 2008, The effects of omega-3 fatty acids monotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 32, 1538, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.05.015

Johnson, 2008, Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women, Nutr Neurosci, 11, 75, 10.1179/147683008X301450

Terano, 1999, Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases, Lipids, 34, S345, 10.1007/BF02562338

Boston, 2004, Ethyl-EPA in Alzheimer’s disease-a pilot study, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 71, 341, 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.07.001

Rogers, 2008, No effect of n−3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial, Br J Nutr, 99, 421, 10.1017/S0007114507801097

van Gelder, 2007, Fish consumption, n−3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study, Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 1142, 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1142

Solfrizzi, 2006, Dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids and age-related cognitive decline: a 8.5-year follow-up of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging, Neurobiol Aging, 27, 1694, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.026

Rapoport, 2007, Brain metabolism of nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids depends on both the diet and the liver, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 77, 251, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.023

Mattson, 1999, Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying perturbed energy metabolism and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, Ann NY Acad Sci, 893, 154, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07824.x

Freemantle, 2006, Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 75, 213, 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.05.011

Dewailly, 2003, Fish consumption and blood lipids in three ethnic groups of Quebec (Canada), Lipids, 38, 359, 10.1007/s11745-003-1070-4

Kris-Etherton, 2000, Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States, Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 179S, 10.1093/ajcn/71.1.179S

Vandal, 2008, Plasma omega-3 fatty acid response to a fish oil supplement in the healthy elderly, Lipids, 43, 1085, 10.1007/s11745-008-3232-z

Carver, 2001, The relationship between age and the fatty acid composition of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes in human subjects, Brain Res Bull, 56, 79, 10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00551-2

Conklin, 2007, Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults, Neurosci Lett, 421, 209, 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.086

Itomura, 2008, Factors influencing EPA+DHA levels in red blood cells in Japan, In vivo, 22, 131

Jofre-Monseny, 2008, Impact of apoE genotype on oxidative stress, inflammation and disease risk, Mol Nutr Food Res, 52, 131, 10.1002/mnfr.200700322

Greenwood, 2005, Effects of apolipoprotein E genotype on spatial attention, working memory, and their interaction in healthy, middle-aged adults: results From the National Institute of Mental Health’s BIOCARD study, Neuropsychology, 19, 199, 10.1037/0894-4105.19.2.199

Whalley, 2008, n−3 Fatty acid erythrocyte membrane content, APOE varepsilon4, and cognitive variation: an observational follow-up study in late adulthood, Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 449, 10.1093/ajcn/87.2.449

Anil, 2007, The impact of EPA and DHA on blood lipids and lipoprotein metabolism: influence of apoE genotype, Proc Nutr Soc, 66, 60, 10.1017/S0029665107005307

Minihane, 2000, ApoE polymorphism and fish oil supplementation in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, Arterioscler Thromb Vas Biol, 20, 1990, 10.1161/01.ATV.20.8.1990

Ordovas, 2002, Gene-diet interaction and plasma lipid responses to dietary intervention, Biochem Soc Trans, 30, 68, 10.1042/bst0300068

Plourde M, Vohl MC, Vandal M, Couture P, Lemieux S, Cunnane SC. In men, plasma ω3 fatty acid response to an ω3 fatty acid supplement is modulated by Apolipoprotein E ε4 but not by the common PPAR-α – L162V. British J Nutr 2009; in press.

Irving, 2009, Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effects on weight and appetite in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: the omega-3 Alzheimer’s disease study, J Am Geriatr Soc, 57, 11, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02055.x

Tremblay, 2007, Role of dietary proteins and amino acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, Annu Rev Nutr, 27, 293, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092545

Ouellet, 2008, Dietary cod protein reduces plasma C-reactive protein in insulin-resistant men and women, J Nutr, 138, 2386, 10.3945/jn.108.092346

Xu, 2009, Mid- and late-life diabetes in relation to the risk of dementia: a population-based twin study, Diabetes, 58, 71, 10.2337/db08-0586

Pasinetti, 2008, Metabolic syndrome and the role of dietary lifestyles in Alzheimer’s disease, J Neurochem, 106, 1503, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05454.x

Souci S, Fachman W, Kraut H. Food composition and nutrition tables medpharm. Stuttgart: Scientific Publishers; 2000.

Berr, 2009, Increased selenium intake in elderly high fish consumers may account for health benefits previously ascribed to omega-3 Fatty acids, J Nutr Health Aging, 13, 14, 10.1007/s12603-009-0003-3

Norman, 2008, A vitamin D nutritional cornucopia: new insights concerning the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population, Am J Clin Nutr, 88, 1455, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27049

Husson, 2006, Retinoic acid normalizes nuclear receptor mediated hypo-expression of proteins involved in beta-amyloid deposits in the cerebral cortex of vitamin A deprived rats, Neurobiol Dis, 23, 1, 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.01.008

Clarke, 2008, B-vitamins and prevention of dementia, Proc Nutr Soc, 67, 75, 10.1017/S0029665108006046

Alessandri, 2004, Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the central nervous system: evolution of concepts and nutritional implications throughout life, Reprod Nutr Dev, 44, 509, 10.1051/rnd:2004063

Deschamps, 2001, Nutritional factors in cerebral aging and dementia: epidemiological arguments for a role of oxidative stress, Neuroepidemiology, 20, 7, 10.1159/000054752

Morris, 2006, Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change, Neurology, 67, 1370, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000240224.38978.d8

Letenneur, 2007, Flavonoid intake and cognitive decline over a 10-year period, Am J Epidemiol, 165, 1364, 10.1093/aje/kwm036

Arendash GW, Jensen MT, Salem Jr. N, Hussein N, Cracchiolo J, Dickson A, et al. A diet high in omega-3 fatty acids does not improve or protect cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2007;149:286.

Liou, 2007, Decreasing linoleic acid with constant {alpha}-linolenic acid in dietary fats increases (n−3) eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phospholipids in healthy men, J Nutr, 137, 945, 10.1093/jn/137.4.945

Calon, 2005, Dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion activates caspases and decreases NMDA receptors in the brain of a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Eur J Neurosci, 22, 617, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04253.x

Calon, 2004, Docosahexaenoic acid protects from dendritic pathology in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model, Neuron, 43, 633, 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.013

Lim, 2005, A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model, J Neurosci, 25, 3032, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4225-04.2005

Green, 2007, Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid ameliorate amyloid-{beta} and tau pathology via a mechanism involving presenilin 1 levels, J Neurosci, 27, 4385, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0055-07.2007

Hashimoto, 2005, Docosahexaenoic acid-induced amelioration on impairment of memory learning in amyloid beta-infused rats relates to the decreases of amyloid beta and cholesterol levels in detergent-insoluble membrane fractions, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1738, 91, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.11.011

Hashimoto, 2006, Docosahexaenoic acid-induced protective effect against impaired learning in amyloid beta-infused rats is associated with increased synaptosomal membrane fluidity, Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 33, 934, 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04467.x

Bons, 2006, Microcebus murinus: a useful primate model for human cerebral aging and Alzheimer’s disease?, Genes Brain Behav, 5, 120, 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2005.00149.x

Kalpouzos, 2009, Voxel-based mapping of brain gray matter volume and glucose metabolism profiles in normal aging, Neurobiol Aging, 30, 112, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.05.019

Kalpouzos, 2005, Working memory and FDG-PET dissociate early and late onset Alzheimer disease patients, J Neurol, 252, 548, 10.1007/s00415-005-0685-3

Bourre, 1989, The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid on the composition of nerve membranes, enzymatic activity, amplitude of electrophysiological parameters, resistance to poisons and performance of learning tasks in rats, J Nutr, 119, 1880, 10.1093/jn/119.12.1880

Ximenes da Silva, 2002, Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, J Neurochem, 81, 1328, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00932.x

Pifferi, 2005, (n−3) polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency reduces the expression of both isoforms of the brain glucose transporter GLUT1 in rats, J Nutr, 135, 2241, 10.1093/jn/135.9.2241

Pifferi, 2007, n−3 Fatty acids modulate brain glucose transport in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, Prostaglandins Leukotr Ess Fatty Acids, 77, 279, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.011

Reiman, 2004, Functional brain abnormalities in young adults at genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s dementia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 284, 10.1073/pnas.2635903100

Maclean, 2005, Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function with aging, dementia, and neurological diseases, Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ), 1

Kalmijn, 1997, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men, Am J Epidemiol, 145, 33, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009029

Beydoun, 2008, n−3 Fatty acids, hypertension and risk of cognitive decline among older adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Public Health Nutr, 11, 17, 10.1017/S1368980007000080

Tilvis, 1987, Fatty acids of plasma lipids, red cells and platelets in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia, Atherosclerosis, 65, 237, 10.1016/0021-9150(87)90039-6

Conquer, 2000, Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment, Lipids, 35, 1305, 10.1007/s11745-000-0646-3

Manzato, 2003, Cognitive functions are not affected by dietary fatty acids in elderly subjects in the study population, Aging Clin Exp Res, 15, 83, 10.1007/BF03324484

Tully, 2003, Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study, Br J Nutr, 89, 483, 10.1079/BJN2002804

Cherubini, 2007, Low plasma n−3 fatty acids and dementia in older persons: the InCHIANTI study, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 62, 1120, 10.1093/gerona/62.10.1120

Wang, 2008, Nutritional biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease: the association between carotenoids, n−3 fatty acids, and dementia severity, J Alzheimers Dis, 13, 31, 10.3233/JAD-2008-13103

Brooksbank, 1989, Lipid abnormalities in the brain in adult Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease, Mol Chem Neuropathol, 11, 157, 10.1007/BF03160049

Suzuki, 2001, Effect of DHA oil supplementation on intelligence and visual acuity in the elderly, World Rev Nutr Diet, 88, 68, 10.1159/000059767

Kotani, 2006, Dietary supplementation of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids improves cognitive dysfunction, Neurosci Res, 56, 159, 10.1016/j.neures.2006.06.010

Terry, 2003, Intakes of fish and marine fatty acids and the risks of cancers of the breast and prostate and of other hormone-related cancers: a review of the epidemiologic evidence, Am J Clin Nutr, 77, 532, 10.1093/ajcn/77.3.532