Fish as models for the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction and growth

Adkins-Regan E. Hormones and sexual differentiation. In: Norris DO, Jones RE, editors. Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles. New York:Plenum Press, 1987: 1–29. Aida, 1988, A review of plasma hormone changes during ovulation in cyprinid fish, Aquaculture, 74, 11, 10.1016/0044-8486(88)90081-6 Aida, 1921, On the inheritance of color in a fresh-water fish, Aphlocheilus latipes Temminck and Sclegel with special reference to the sex-linked inheritance, Genetics, 6, 554, 10.1093/genetics/6.6.554 Amano, 1994, Activation of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone synthesis by 17-α-methyltestosterone administration in yearling masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 95, 374, 10.1006/gcen.1994.1136 Amano, 1995, Short photoperiod accelerates preoptic and ventral telencephalic salmon GnRH synthesis and precocious maturation in underyearling male masu salmon, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 99, 22, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1080 Amano, 1994, Salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin are involved in precocious maturation induced by photoperiod manipulation in underyearling male masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 95, 368, 10.1006/gcen.1994.1135 Andersson, 1992, Temperature, but not photoperiod, influences gonadotropin-releasing hormone binding in the pituitary of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 88, 111, 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90199-T Anglade, 1993, Origin of pituitary innervation in the goldfish, Cell Tissue Res, 273, 345, 10.1007/BF00312837 Anon. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report No. 26. MAFF, Lowestoft, UK: Directorate of Fisheries Research, 1991. Arnold, 1996, Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals, Science, 272, 1489, 10.1126/science.272.5267.1489 Ashby, 1997, Synergy between synthetic oestrogens?, Nature, 385, 494, 10.1038/385494a0 Bardoni, 1994, A dosage sensitive locus at chromosome Xp21 is involved in male to female sex reversal, Nat Genet, 7, 497, 10.1038/ng0894-497 Barth SW, Jurkevich A, Grossmann, R. Sexual differences of arginine vasotocin gene expression in the chicken brain. Comp Biochem Physiol C, 1998 (in press). Baroiller, 1995, Temperature and sex chromosomes govern sex-ratios of the mouthbrooding cichlid fish Oreochromis niloticus, J Exp Zool, 273, 216, 10.1002/jez.1402730306 Bass, 1996, Shaping brain sexuality, Am Sci, 84, 352 Blaise, 1995, Lack of gonadotropin- releasing hormone action on in vivo and in vitro growth hormone release in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Comp Biochem Physiol C, 110, 133 Blaise, 1997, Permissive effect of insulun-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on gonadotropin-releasing hormone action on in vitro growth hormone release in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Comp Biochem Physiol A, 116, 75, 10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00119-3 Blázquez, 1995, Development of sex control techniques for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) aquaculture: effects of dietary 17α-methyltestosterone prior to sex differentiation, Aquaculture, 135, 329, 10.1016/0044-8486(95)01030-0 Blázquez M, Docherty K, Trudeau VL. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulates expression of secretogranin-II and a phophatidylinositol 3-kinase homolog in goldfish brain as defined using a rapid screening technique. Abstract P41, Second IUBS Symposium. Advances in the molecular endocrinology of fish, Toronto, Canada. May 16–19, 1997. Blázquez M, Zanuy S, Carrillo M, Piferrer F. Structural and functional effects of early exposure to the estrogens estradiol 17-β and 17-α-ethinylestradiol on the gonads of the gonochoristic teleost (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish Physiol Biochem, 1998;18:37–47. Borg, 1994, Androgens in teleost fishes, Comp Biochem Physiol C, 109, 219 Bosma, 1997, Gonadotrophs but not somatotropes carry gonadotrophin- releasing hormone receptors: receptor localisation, intracellular calcium, and gonadotrophin and GH release, J Endocrinol, 152, 437, 10.1677/joe.0.1520437 Breton, 1972, Dosage radio-immunologique des gonadotropines plasmatiques chez Carassius auratus, au cours du nychtémère et pendant l’ovulation, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 18, 463, 10.1016/0016-6480(72)90027-5 Breton, 1980, Temperature and reproduction in the tench: effects of a rise in the annual temperature regime on gonadotropin level, gametogenesis and spawning. I. The male, Reprod Nutr Dev, 20, 105, 10.1051/rnd:19800106 Breton, 1980, Temperature and reproduction in tench: effect of a rise in the annual temperature regime on gonadotropin level, gametogenesis and spawning. II. The female, Reprod Nutr Dev, 20, 1011, 10.1051/rnd:19800610 Bromage, 1992, Broodstock management, fecundity, egg quality and the timing of egg production in the rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), Aquaculture, 100, 141, 10.1016/0044-8486(92)90355-O Carrillo, 1995, Nutritional and photoperiodic effects on hormonal cycles and quality of spawning in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L), Neth J Zool, 45, 204, 10.1163/156854295X00933 Cavaco, 1996, Effects of sex steroids on the brain-pituitary-gonad axis in juvenile male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Annal d’Endocrinol, 57, P009 Cavaco, 1997, Pubertal development of male African catfish, Clarias gariepinus in vitro steroidogenesis by testis and interrenal tissue and plasma levels of sexual steroids, Fish Physiol Biochem, 16, 129, 10.1007/BF00004670 Chang JP, Jobin RM. Regulation of gonadotropin release in vertebrates: a comparison of GnRH mechanisms of action. In: Davey KB, Peter RE, Tobe SS, editors. Perspectives in comparative endocrinology. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada; 1994:41–51. Chardard, 1995, Aromatase activity in larval gonads of Pleurodeles waltl (Urodele Amphibia) during normal sex differentiation and during sex reversal by thermal–treatment effect, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 99, 100, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1089 Charnier, 1966, Action de la température sur la sex ratio chez l’embryon d’Agama agama (Agamidaie, Lacertilien), CR Séanc Soc Biol, 160, 620 Conover, 1992, Seasonality and the scheduling of life history at different latitudes, J Fish Biol, 41, 161, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03876.x Conover, 1981, Environmental sex determination: interaction of temperature and genotype in a fish, Science, 213, 577, 10.1126/science.213.4507.577 Conover, 1987, The environmental and genetic components of sex ratio in Menidia menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae), Copeia, 3, 132 Copeland, 1989, Control of gonadotropin release in the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus): evidence for lack of dopaminergic inhibition, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 74, 474, 10.1016/S0016-6480(89)80045-0 Crews, 1996, Temperature-dependent sex determination: the interplay of steroid hormones and temperature, Zool Sci, 13, 1, 10.2108/zsj.13.1 Crews, 1994, Role of reductase and aromatase in sex determination in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta), a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination, J Endocrinol, 143, 357, 10.1677/joe.0.1430279 Crews D, Sakata J, Rhen T. Developmental effects on sexual and individual variation in growth and reproduction in a lizard with temperature-dependent sex determination. Comp Biochem Physiol C, 1998;119:251–63. Crim, 1983, Influence of testosterone and/or luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue on precocious sexual development in the juvenile rainbow trout, Biol Reprod, 29, 137, 10.1095/biolreprod29.1.137 Degani, 1992, Effects of 17β-estradiol and grouping on sex determination of European eels, Prog Fish Cult, 54, 88, 10.1577/1548-8640(1992)054<0088:EOEAGO>2.3.CO;2 De Leeuw, 1985, Pimozide modulates the luteinizing hormone- releasing hormone effect on gonadotrophin release in the African catfish, Clarias lazera, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 58, 120, 10.1016/0016-6480(85)90144-3 De Leeuw, 1988, The dopaminergic regulation of gonadotropin- releasing hormone receptor binding in the pituitary of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 72, 408, 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90163-3 De Leeuw, 1989, Dopaminergic regulation of pituitary gonadotrophin- releasing hormone receptor activity in the goldfish (Carassius auratus), J Endocrinol, 121, 239, 10.1677/joe.0.1210239 Dissen, 1996, A role for TrkA nerve growth-factor receptors in mammalian ovulation, Endocrinology, 137, 198, 10.1210/en.137.1.198 Dorizzi, 1994, Masculinization of gonads by aromatase inhibitors in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination, Differentiation, 58, 1, 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1994.5810001.x Dufour, 1983, Effects of steroid hormones on pituitary immunoreactive gonadotropin in European freshwater eel (Anguilla anguilla L.), Gen Comp Endocrinol, 52, 190, 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90112-0 Dufour, 1985, Increase in brain and pituitary radioimmunoassayable gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the European silver eel treated with sexual steroid or human chorionic gonadotropin, Neuropeptides, 6, 495, 10.1016/0143-4179(85)90111-8 Dufour, 1989, Positive feedback control by the gonads on gonadotropin (GTH) and gonadoliberin (GnRH) levels in experimentally matured female silver eels, Anguilla anguilla L, Fish Physiol Biochem, 7, 157, 10.1007/BF00004702 Dufour S, Bassompierre M, Montero M, Le Belle, N, Baloche S, Fontaine YA. Stimulation of pituitary gonadotropic function in female silver eels treated by a gonadoliberin agonists and dopamine antagonists. In: Scott AP, Sumpter, JP, Kime DE, Rolfe MS, editors. Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Norwich, UK: FishSymp 91, 1991; 54–56. Eberhardt, 1943, Geschlechtbestimmung und differenzierung bei Betta splendens Regan, Z indukt Abstam Vererbung, 81, 363, 10.1007/BF01847453 Elbretch, 1992, Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens, Science, 255, 467, 10.1126/science.1734525 Ekstrom P, Ostholm T, Holmqvist BI. Primary visual projections and pineal neural connections in fishes, amphibians and reptiles. Adv Pineal Res 1994;8:1–18. Elofsson U, Winberg S, Francis RC, Nilsson GE. Neuronal correlates of socially induced sex change in teleost fish, abstract A8.20. Ann Meet Soc Experimental Biology. University of Kent, Canterbury. April 7–11, 1997;42. Ewert, 1994, Patterns of temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles, J Exp Zool, 270, 3, 10.1002/jez.1402700103 Fontaine, 1991, The eels: from life cycle to reproductive endocrinology, Bull Inst Zool Academia Sinica, 16, 237 Francis, 1992, Sexual lability in teleosts: developmental factors, Q Rev Biol, 67, 1, 10.1086/417445 Fraser EJ, Trudeau VL. Environmental and hormonal regulation of GABA metabolism in goldfish neuroendocrine tissue, abstract A8.21. Ann Meet Soc for Experimental Biology. University of Kent, Canterbury. April 7–11, 1997;42. Gielen, 1982, The brain-pituitary-gonadal axis in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: gonadal hormones and the maturation of gonadotropic cells, Cell Tissue Res, 225, 45, 10.1007/BF00216217 Gillet, 1978, Seasonal effects of exposure to temperature and photoperiod regimes on gonadal growth and plasma GTH in goldfish, Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys, 18, 1045, 10.1051/rnd:19780544 Godwin, 1994, Behavioural aspects of protandrous sex change in the anemonefish Amphirion melanopus, and endocrine correlates, Anim Behav, 48, 551, 10.1006/anbe.1994.1275 Godwin, 1996, Behavioural sex change in the absence of gonads in a coral reef fish, Proc R Soc London series B, 263, 1683, 10.1098/rspb.1996.0246 Goos HJ Th. Pubertal development: big questions, small answers. In: Faccinetti F, Henderson IW, Pierantoni R, Polzonetti-Magni AM, editors. Cellular Communication in Reproduction. J Endocrinol 1993:11–20. Goos, 1986, Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) bioactivity in the brain of the immature rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri: the effect of testosterone, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 64, 80, 10.1016/0016-6480(86)90031-6 Goos, 1995, Functional and molecular aspects of the gonadotropin- releasing hormones in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Neth J Zool, 45, 147, 10.1163/156854295X00799 Gorbman, 1995, Olfactory origins and evolution of the brain- pituitay endocrine system: facts and speculation, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 97, 171, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1016 Grober, 1991, Neuronal correlates of sex-role change in labrid fishes: LHRH-like immunoreactivity, Brain Behav Evol, 38, 302, 10.1159/000114396 Grober, 1996, Serial adult sex change involves rapid and ireversible changes in forebrain neurochemistry, NeuroReport, 7, 2945, 10.1097/00001756-199611250-00029 Grober, 1994, GnRH cell size and number in a teleost fish with two male reproductive morphs: sexual maturation, final sexual status and body size allometry, Brain Behav Evol, 43, 61, 10.1159/000113625 Grober, 1991, Gonadal steroids affect LHRH preoptic cell number in a sex–role changing fish, J Neurobiol, 22, 734, 10.1002/neu.480220708 Guerrero, 1990, Hypothalamic and telencephalic catecholamine content in the brain of the teleost fish, Pygocentrus notatus, during the annual reproductive cycle, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 80, 257, 10.1016/0016-6480(90)90170-Q Gunasekera, 1995, Effect of dietary-protein level on puberty, oocyte growth and egg chemical-composition in the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L), Aquaculture, 134, 169, 10.1016/0044-8486(95)00028-Z Habibi, 1989, Pituitary gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor activity in goldfish and catfish: seasonal and gonadal effects, Fish Physiol Biochem, 7, 109, 10.1007/BF00004696 Harrington Jr, 1967, Environmentally controlled induction of primary male gonochorists from eggs of the self- fertilizing hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus Poey, Biol Bull Woods Hole, 132, 174, 10.2307/1539887 Harrington, 1968, Determination of the thermolabile period of sex determination and differentiation in the ontogeny of the normally hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus Poey, Physiol Zool, 41, 447, 10.1086/physzool.41.4.30155480 Heisenberg, 1996, Genes involved in forebrain development in zebrafish, Danio rerio, Development, 123, 191, 10.1242/dev.123.1.191 Henderson, 1963, Influence of light and temperature on the reproductive cycle of the Eastern brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), J Fish Res Board Can, 20, 859, 10.1139/f63-061 Hontela, 1978, Daily cycles in serum gonaotropin levles in the goldfish: effects of photoperiod, temperature, and sexual condition, Can J Zool, 56, 2430, 10.1139/z78-328 Hontela, 1980, Effects of pinealectomy, blinding and sexual condition on serum gonadotropin levels in the goldfish, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 40, 168, 10.1016/0016-6480(80)90120-3 Hontela, 1983, Entrainment of daily serum gonadotropin cycles in the goldfish to photoperiod, feeding and daily thermocycles, J Exp Zool, 228, 129, 10.1002/jez.1402280114 Hontela A, Stacey N. Cyprinidae. In: Munro A, Scott AP, Lam TJ, editors. Reproductive Seasonality in Teleosts: Environmental Influences. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1990; 4:53–77. Hunter, 1983, Hormonal sex control and its application to fish culture, Fish Physiol, 9B, 223, 10.1016/S1546-5098(08)60305-2 Jobling, 1996, Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenolic chemicals, Environ Toxicol Chem, 15, 194, 10.1002/etc.5620150218 Johnson, 1996, Aminobutyric acid (GABA) stimulates gonadotropin-II (GTH-II) release in African catfish, Annal d’Endocrinol, 57, 214 Kah, 1993, The reproductive brain in fish, Fish Physiol Biochem, 11, 85, 10.1007/BF00004554 Kah, 1994, Carillo, M. An enzyme immunoassay for salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its application to the study of the effects of diet on brain and pituitary GnRH in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 95, 464, 10.1006/gcen.1994.1146 Khan, 1996, Melatonin influences gonadotropin II secretion in the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), Gen Comp Endocrinol, 104, 231, 10.1006/gcen.1996.0166 Kime, 1979, The effect of temperature on the testicular steroidogenic enzymes of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 39, 290, 10.1016/0016-6480(79)90123-0 Kime, 1980, Androgen biosynthesis by testes of the goldfish Carassius auratus in vitro: the effect of temperature on the formation of steroid glucuronides, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 41, 164, 10.1016/0016-6480(80)90140-9 Kime DE. The control of gonadal androgen biosynthesis in fish. In: Richter CJJ, Goos HJ Th, editors. Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Wageningen: Pudoc, 1982;95–98. King, 1995, Evolutionary aspects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor, Cell Mol Neurobiol, 15, 5, 10.1007/BF02069556 Korpelainen, 1990, Sex ratios and conditions required for environmental sex determination in animals, Biol Rev, 65, 147, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1990.tb01187.x Lagomarsino, 1993, Variation in the environmental and genotypic sex–determining mechanisms across a latitudinal gradient in the fish, Menidia menidia, Evolution, 47, 487, 10.2307/2410066 Lance, 1992, Disruption of ovarian development in alligator embryos treated with an aromatase inhibitor, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 86, 59, 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90126-5 Lang, 1994, Temperature-dependent sex determination in crocodilians, J Exp Zool, 270, 28, 10.1002/jez.1402700105 LeGac, 1993, Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review, Fish Physiol Biochem, 11, 219, 10.1007/BF00004569 Le Gac, 1996, Insulin-like growth-factor (IGF-I) messenger-RNA and IGF-I receptor in trout testis and in isolated spermatogenic and Sertoli cells, Mol Reprod Dev, 44, 23, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199605)44:1<23::AID-MRD3>3.0.CO;2-V Lescroart, 1996, A radioimmunoassay for African catfish growth hormone: validation and effect of substances modulating the release of growth hormone, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 104, 147, 10.1006/gcen.1996.0157 Lester, 1989, Estimated heritability of sex ratio and sexual dimorphism in tilapia, Aquacult Fish Manage, 20, 369 Lewis, 1992, Changes in brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary and plasma gonadotropins, and plasma thyroxine during smoltification in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha), Gen Comp Endocrinol, 87, 461, 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90054-N Lin, 1993, Growth hormone and gonadotropin secretion in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): in vitro interactions of gonadotropin- releasing hormone, somatostatin, and the dopamine agonist apomorphine, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 89, 62, 10.1006/gcen.1993.1009 Lin, 1996, Direct influences of temperature on gonadotropin-II release from perifused fragments of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in vitro, Comp Biochem Physiol A, 114, 341, 10.1016/0300-9629(96)00020-5 Linard, 1995, Involvement of estradiol in a catecholamine inhibitory tone of gonadotropin release in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Gen Comp Endocrinol, 99, 192, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1101 Linard, 1996, Estrogen receptors are expressed in a subset of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons of the anterior preoptic region in the rainbow trout, Neuroendocrinology, 63, 156, 10.1159/000126952 Lindsey, 1962, Experimental study of meristic variation in a population of three spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Can J Zool, 40, 271, 10.1139/z62-028 Manning, 1984, Temperature regulation of ovarian steroid production in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in vivo and in vitro, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 56, 376, 10.1016/0016-6480(84)90080-7 McElreavey, 1993, A regulatory cascade hypothesis for mammalian sex determination: SRY repressess a negative regulator of male development, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90, 3368, 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3368 Marchant, 1989, Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone also functions as a growth hormone-releasing factor in the goldfish, Endocrinology, 124, 2509, 10.1210/endo-124-5-2509 Mayer I, Bornestaf C, Borg B. Review. Melatonin in non-mammalian vertebrates: Physiological role in reproduction? Comp Biochem Physiol, 1997;118A:515–31. Melamed, 1995, Hypothalamic and thyroidal regulation of growth hormone in tilapia, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 97, 13, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1002 Melamed P, Rosenfeld H, Elizur A, Yaron Z. Endocrine regulation of gonadotropin and growth hormone gene transcription in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C, 1998;119:347–60. Merchant-Larios H. The brain as a sensor of temperature during sex determination in the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea. In: Lance VA, Bogart MH, editors. Proc 1st Int Symp Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. Honolulu 7–11 April 1997;26. Montero, 1996, Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) in fishes- evolutionary data on their structure, localization, regulation, and function, Zool Sci, 35, 149 Murakami, 1994, Transient expression of somatostatin immunoreactivity in the olfactory forebrain region in the chick embryo, Dev Brain Res, 82, 277, 10.1016/0165-3806(94)90169-4 Nagai, 1992, Primary sex determination in mammals, Zool Sci, 9, 475 Naito, 1993, Ultrastructural characteristics of two distinct gonadotropes (GTH–I and GTH–II cells) in the pituitary of rainbow trout, Oncohynchus mykiss, Fish Physiol Biochem, 11, 241, 10.1007/BF00004571 Navas, 1995, Do gonadotropin- releasing hormone neurons express estrogen receptors in the rainbow trout? A double immunohistochemical study, J Comp Neurol, 362, 1 Ojeda, 1992, Neurotrophic factors and female sexual development, Front Neuroendocrinol, 13, 120 Omeljaniuk, 1989, Alterations in pituitary GnRH and dopamine receptors associated with the seasonal variation and regulation of gonadotropin release in the goldfish (Carassius auratus), Gen Comp Endocrinol, 74, 392, 10.1016/S0016-6480(89)80036-X Oppen-Bersten, 1994, Plasma levels of eggshell Zr-proteins, estradiol-17β, and gonadotropins during an annual cycle of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), J Exp Zool, 268, 59, 10.1002/jez.1402680108 Pan, 1982, Further studies on GnRH distribution in the brain of Cyprinus carpio, Acta Zool Sinica, 28, 238 Pandian, 1995, Hormonal induction of sex reversal in fish, Aquaculture, 138, 1, 10.1016/0044-8486(95)01075-0 Parhar, 1995, Embryonic development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the sockeye salmon, J Comp Neurol, 362, 256, 10.1002/cne.903620208 Patino, 1996, Sex differentiation of channel catfish gonads: normal development and effects of temperature, J Exp Zool, 276, 209, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961015)276:3<209::AID-JEZ5>3.0.CO;2-R Peter, 1986, Interactions of catecholamines and GnRH in regulation of gonadotropin secretion in teleost fish, Recent Prog Horm Res, 42, 513 Peter, 1995, The endocrinology of growth in carp and related species, Aquaculture, 129, 299, 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00302-5 Peter, 1991, Brain regulation of reproduction, Bull Inst Zool Acad Sinica Monogr, 16, 89 Peter, 1990, Direct neural regulation of the teleost adenohypophysis, J Exp Zool, 4, 84, 10.1002/jez.1402560415 Pieau C, Girondont M, Desvages G, Dorizzi M, Richard–Mercier N, Zaborski P. Environmental control of gonadal differentiation. In: Short RV, Balaban E, editors. The differences between the sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994:433–448. Pieau, 1996, Temperature variation and sex determination in reptiles, BioEssays, 18, 19, 10.1002/bies.950180107 Pieau C, Dorizzi M, Richard–Mercier N, Desvages G. Sexual differentiation of the gonads as a function of temperature in the turtle Emys orbicularis: growth, endocrine function and intersexuality. In: Lance VA, Bogart MH, editors. Proc 1st Int Symp on the Biology of Vertebrate Sex Determination. Honolulu 7–11 April, 1997;15–18. Piferrer F, Donaldson, EM. Sex control in Pacific salmon. In: Muir JF, Roberts RJ, editors. Recent Advances in Aquaculture, vol. IV. Oxford:Blackwell, 1993;69–77. Piferrer, 1994, Brief treatment with an aromatase inhibitor during sex differentiation causes chromosomally female salmon to develop as normal, functional males, J Exp Zool, 270, 255, 10.1002/jez.1402700304 Powell, 1996, Two new forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in a protochordate and the evolutionary implications, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 10461, 10.1073/pnas.93.19.10461 Powell, 1997, Primary structure of three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the pacu brain, Regul Pept, 68, 189, 10.1016/S0167-0115(96)02119-2 Powell, 1994, Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone characterized from brains of one species, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, 12081, 10.1073/pnas.91.25.12081 Prat, 1996, Validation of radioimmunoassays for 2 salmon gonadotropins (GTH-I and GTH-II) and their plasma concentrations throughout the reproductive cycle in male and female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Biol Reprod, 54, 1375, 10.1095/biolreprod54.6.1375 Price DJ. Genetics of sex determination in fishes—a brief review. In: Potts GW, Wooton RJ, editors. Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics. London: Academic Press, 1984:77–89. Purdom, 1994, Estrogenic effects of effluents from sewage treatment works, Chem Ecol, 8, 275, 10.1080/02757549408038554 Quérat B. Molecular evolution of the glycoprotein hormones in vertebrates. In: Davey KB, Peter RE, Tobe SS, editors. Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1994;27–35 Quérat, B. Structural relationships between ‘fish’ and tetrapod gonadotropins. In: Goetz FW, Thomas P, editors. Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Port Aransas, TX: FishSymp 95; 1995:7–9. Quérat, 1991, Regulation of the type II gonadotropin α-subunit and β-subunit messenger-RNAs by estradiol and testosterone in the European eel, J Mol Endocrinol, 7, 81, 10.1677/jme.0.0070081 Ramamoorthy, 1997, Potency of combined estrogenic pesticides, Science, 275, 405, 10.1126/science.275.5298.405 Resink, 1987, Seasonal changes in steroid metabolism in the male reproductive organ- system of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Aquaculture, 63, 59, 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90061-5 Resink, 1987, The seminal vesicle as source of sex attracting substances in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Aquaculture, 63, 115, 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90065-2 Resink, 1987, Quantitative enzyme histochemistry of steroid and glucuronide in testes and seminal vesicle, and its correlation to plasma gonadotropin level in Clarias gariepinus, Aquaculture, 63, 97, 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90064-0 Rhen, 1994, Temperature-dependent sex determination in the snapping turtle: manipulation of the embryonic sex steroid environment, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 96, 243, 10.1006/gcen.1994.1179 Rissman, 1996, Behavioral regulation of gonadotropin- releasing hormone, Biol Reprod, 54, 413, 10.1095/biolreprod54.2.413 Rosenblum, 1994, Regional distribution and in vitro secretion of salmon and chicken- II gonadotropin-releasing hormones from the brain and pituitary of juvenile and adult goldfish, Carassius auratus, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 93, 369, 10.1006/gcen.1994.1041 Rosenstein, 1993, Sex reversal in the genus Oreochromis: optimization of feminization protocol, Aquacult Fish Manage, 24, 329 Rubin, 1985, Effect of pH on sex ratio in cichlids and a poeciliid (Teleostei), Copeia, 1, 235 Saligaut, 1992, Serotonin and dopamine turnover in the female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) brain and pituitary: changes during the annual reproductive cycle, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 85, 261, 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90010-H Schreibman, 1986, The influence of androgen administration on the structure and function of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis of sexually immature platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, Cell Tissue Res, 245, 519, 10.1007/BF00218552 Schultz, 1993, Genetic regulation of temperature-mediated sex ratios in the livebearing fish Poeciliopsis lucida, Evolution, 40, 152 Schulz, 1995, Physiological, morphological and molecular aspects of gonadotropins in fish with special reference to the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. In: Goetz FW, Thomas P, editors. Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Port Aransas, TX:FishSymp, 95, 2 Schulz, 1996, Testicular responsiveness to gonadotropic hormone in vitro and Leydig and Sertoli-cell ultrastructure during pubertal development of male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Fish Physiol Biochem, 15, 243, 10.1007/BF01875575 Schulz, 1995, Pubertal development of male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Pituitary ultrastructure and responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Biol Reprod, 53, 940, 10.1095/biolreprod53.4.940 Schulz, 1994, Sexual steroids during puberty in male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): serum levels and gonadotropin-stimulated testicular secretion in vitro, J Comp Physiol B, 164, 195, 10.1007/BF00354080 Schulz, 1994, Effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone during the pubertal development of the male African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus): gonadotrophin and androgen levels in plasma, J Endocrinol, 140, 265, 10.1677/joe.0.1400265 Senthilkumaran, 1995, Changes in hypothalamic catecholamines, dopamine-á-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in relation to season, raised photoperiod and temperature, ovariectomy and estradiol-17β replacement, Gen Comp Endocrinol., 97, 121, 10.1006/gcen.1995.1012 Slater, 1994, Plasma profiles of the sex steroids and gonadotropins in maturing female spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha), Comp Biochem Physiol, 109A, 167, 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90323-9 Shapiro, 1992, Plasticity of gonadal development and protandry in fishes, J Exp Zool, 261, 194, 10.1002/jez.1402610210 Shapiro DY. Sex change in fishes—how and why?. In: Short RV, Balaban E, editors. The Differences Between the Sexes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994:105–130. Singh, 1988, Regulation of gonadal steroidogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus by recombinant salmon growth hormone and prolactin, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 72, 144, 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90190-6 Sokolowska, 1985, Seasonal effects of pimozide and desGly10[Ala6]-LH-RH Ethylamide on gonadotropin secretion in goldfish, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 57, 472, 10.1016/0016-6480(85)90230-8 Solari AJ. Sex chromosomes and sex determination in fishes. In: Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination in Vertebrates. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994:233–247. Specker JL, Sullivan CV. Vitellogenesis in fishes: status and perspectives. In: Davey KG, Peter RE, Tobe SS, editors. Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1993;304–315. Srivastava, 1994, Regulation of DNA synthesis in goldfish vitellogenic ovarian follicles by hormones and growth factors, J Exp Zool, 270, 263, 10.1002/jez.1402700305 Stacey NE, Cardwell JR, Liley NR, Scott AP, Sorenson PW. Hormones as sex pheromones. In: Davey KB, Peter, RE, Tobe SS, editors. Perspectives in Comparative Endocrinology. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1994:438–448. Strüssmann CA, Patino R. Temperature manipulation of sex differentiation in fish. In: Goetz FW, Thomas P, editors. Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Port Aransas, TX: FishSymp 95; 1995:153–157. Strüssmann, 1996, Temperature effects on sex differentiation of two South American atherinids, Odonthestes argentinensis and Patagonina hatcheri, Env Biol Fish, 47, 143, 10.1007/BF00005037 Str∣ssmann, 1996, Evidence of thermolabile sex determination in pejerrey, J Fish Biol, 48, 643 Sunobe, 1993, Sex change in both directions by alteration of social dominace in Trimma okinawae (Pisces: Gobiidae), Ethology, 94, 99, 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00450.x Sumpter, 1993, Male sexual development in a “sea of oestrogen”, Lancet, 342, 124 Sumpter, 1995, Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment, Environ Health Perspect, 103, 173, 10.1289/ehp.95103s7173 Sundararaj, 1976, Photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of reproduction in the female catfish, Heteropneusteus fossilis, J Fish Res Board Can, 33, 959, 10.1139/f76-123 Suzuki, 1988, Effects of salmon GtH I and GtH II on steroidogenesis by ovarian folicles of the amago salmon, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 71, 452, 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90274-2 Swanson, 1991, Isolation and characterization of two coho slmon gonadotropins, GtH I and GtH II, Biol Reprod, 44, 29, 10.1095/biolreprod44.1.29 Tensen, 1997, Distinct efficacies for two endogenous ligands on a single cognate gonadoliberin receptor, Eur J Biochem, 243, 134, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.0134a.x Toyoda, 1994, Brain morphogenesis of the red sea bream, Pagrus major (Teleostei), Brain Behav Evol, 44, 324, 10.1159/000113593 Trudeau, 1997, Neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotrophin II release and gonadal growth in the goldfish, Carassius auratus, Rev Reprod, 2, 55, 10.1530/ror.0.0020055 Trudeau, 1991, Testosterone and estradiol potentiate the serum gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in goldfish, Biol Reprod, 44, 951, 10.1095/biolreprod44.6.951 Trudeau, 1993, Testosterone enhances GABA and taurine, but not N-methyl-d,l-aspartate-stimulation of gonadotropin secretion in the goldfish: possible sex steroid feedback mechanisms, J Neuroendocrinol, 5, 129, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00372.x Trudeau, 1993, Effects of sex steroids on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotropin secretion from the goldfish pituitary, Biol Reprod, 48, 300, 10.1095/biolreprod48.2.300 Trudeau, 1992, Interactions of estradiol with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the control of growth hormone secretion in the goldfish, Neuroendocrinology, 56, 483, 10.1159/000126265 Trudeau, 1993, Interaction of gonadal steroids with brain dopamine and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the control of gonadotropin secretion in the goldfish, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 89, 39, 10.1006/gcen.1993.1007 Van den Hurk, 1989, Effects of 17α-methyltestosterone and 11β- hydroxyandrostenedione on gonad differentiation in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Aquaculture, 83, 179, 10.1016/0044-8486(89)90070-7 Van Der Kraak G, Wade MG. A comparison of signal transduction pathways mediating gonadotropin actions in vertebrates. In: Davey KB, Peter RE, Tobe SS, editors. Perspectives in comparative endocrinology. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1994:59–63. Van Oordt, 1987, The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, a model for the study of reproductive endocrinology in teleosts, Aquaculture, 63, 15, 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90058-5 Van Oordt, 1987, Annual correlative changes in gonads and pituitary gonadotropes of feral African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Aquaculture, 63, 27, 10.1016/0044-8486(87)90059-7 Vasal, 1976, Response of the ovary in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, (Bloch), to various combinations of photoperiod and temperature, J Exp Zool, 197, 247, 10.1002/jez.1401970206 Vermeulen GJ. Testicular steroids and catecholamines in the brain of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in relation to gonadotropin release. Utrecht: Ph.D. Thesis, 1994. Viets, 1994, Sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles, J Exp Zool, 270, 45, 10.1002/jez.1402700106 Vodicnik, 1978, The effects of pinealectomy on pituitary and plasma gonadotropin levels in Carassius auratus exposed to various photoperiod-temperature regimes, J Fish Biol, 12, 187, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb04164.x White, 1994, Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic, Endocrinology, 135, 175, 10.1210/en.135.1.175 White, 1995, Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 8363, 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8363 Wibbels, 1994, Aromatase inhibitor induces male sex determination in a female unisexual lizard and in a turtle with temperature–dependent sex determination, J Endocrinol, 141, 295, 10.1677/joe.0.1410295 Wong, 1993, In vitro and in vivo evidence that dopamine exerts growth hormone- releasing activity in goldfish, Am J Physiol, 264, 925 Yamamoto, 1969, Sex differentiation, Fish Physiol., 3, 117, 10.1016/S1546-5098(08)60113-2 Yamazaki, 1983, Sex control and manipulation in fish, Aquaculture, 33, 329, 10.1016/0044-8486(83)90413-1 Yan, 1992, A two-receptor model for salmon gonadotropins (GTH-I and GTH-II), Biol Reprod, 47, 418, 10.1095/biolreprod47.3.418 Yaron, 1995, Endocrine control of gametogenesis and spawning induction in the carp, Aquaculture, 129, 49, 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00229-H Yu, 1993, Gonadal differentiation and secretions of estradiol and testosterone of ovaries of Rana catasbiana tadpoles treated with 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, J Exp Zool, 265, 255, 10.1002/jez.1402650307 Yu, 1990, Dopaminergic regulation of brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone in male goldfish during spawning behaviour, Neuroendocrinology, 52, 276, 10.1159/000125598 Yu, 1992, Adrenergic and dopaminergic regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone release from goldfish preoptic-anterior hypothalamus and pituitary in vitro, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 85, 138, 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90181-I Yu, 1991, In vitro release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the brain preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region and pituitary of female goldfish, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 81, 256, 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90010-4 Xiong, 1994, Differential recruitment of steroid-hormone response elements may dictate the expression of the pituitary gonadotropin II-β subunit gene during salmon maturation, Mol Endocrinol, 8, 782, 10.1210/me.8.6.782 Xiong, 1994, Control of teleost gonadotropin gene expression, Fish Physiol, 13, 135, 10.1016/S1546-5098(08)60065-5 Zandbergen MA. One gonadotropic cell type and two gonadotropin-releasing hormone systems in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: a morphological study. Utrecht: Ph.D. Thesis, 1996. Zanuy S, Carillo M, Mateos J, Trudeau V, Kah, O. The effects of sustained administration of testosterone on brain and pituitary sGnRH levels, plasma sex steroids and gonadal development in immature sea bass, Morone labrax, abstract A8.25. Ann Meet Soc for Experimental Biology. University of Kent, Canterbury, April 7–11, 1997:42. Zheng, 1996, Two mechanisms for increasing milt volume in male goldfish, Carassius auratus, J Exp Zool, 276, 287, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961101)276:4<287::AID-JEZ6>3.0.CO;2-K Zheng, 1997, A steroidal pheromone and spawnng stimuli act via different neuroendocrine mechanisms to increase gonadotropin and milt volume in male goldfish, Carassius auratus, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 105, 228, 10.1006/gcen.1996.6825 Zohar Y, Breton B, Fostier A. Gonadotropic function during the reproductive cycle of the female rainbow trout, Salmo gaidneri, in relation to ovarian steroid secretion: In vivo and in vitro studies. In: Richter CJJ, Goos HJ Th, editors. Reproductive Physiology of Fish, Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc, 1982:14–18. Zou, 1997, Estradiol stimulates growth hormone production in female goldfish, Gen Comp Endocrinol, 106, 102, 10.1006/gcen.1996.6857