First characterization of a Bronze Age textile fibre from Sardinia (Italy)

Melis, 2003 Antona, 2013, Arzachena A. Antona, Nota preliminare sui contesti stratigrafici della Gallura nuragica: l’esempio di La Prisgiona di Arzachena, in: Atti della XLIV Riunione Scientifica dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria 23–28 novembre 2009, II, 2012, pp. 687–696. Milletti, 2012 A. Antona, S. Puggioni, Spazi domestici, società e attività produttive nella Sardegna nuragica. L’esempio della Gallura, in: L’espai domèstic i l’organització de la societat a la protohistòria de la Mediterrànea occidental (Ier mil-lenni a.C.)”, Actes de la IV Reunió Internacional d’Arqueologia de Calafell (Calafell – Tarragona, 6 al 9 de març de 2007), Arqueo Mediterrànea 11/2, 2009, pp. 331–348. Gleba, 2014, Italian Textiles from Prehistory to Late Time, 145 F. Maeder, Sea-silk in aquincum: first production proof in antiquity, Purpureae Vestes II. Text. Dye. Antiq., 2008, pp. 109–118. F. Maeder, Sea-silk--The rediscovery of the ancient textile material raises new questions, 2018, [Online]. Available: http://costume.mini.icom.museum/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Felicitas_Maeder_Toronto_article_PDF.pdf. Yan, 2014, Flax fibre and its composites - A review, Compos. Part B Eng., 56, 296, 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014 Garside, 2003, Identification of Cellulosic Fibres by FTIR Spectroscopy I: Thread and Single Fibre Analysis by Attenuated Total Reflectance, Stud. Conserv., 48, 10.1179/sic.2003.48.4.269 Garside, 2006, Identification of cellulosic fibres by FTIR spectroscopy: Differentiation of flax and hemp by polarized ATR FTIR, Stud. Conserv., 51, 205, 10.1179/sic.2006.51.3.205 Florian, 1990 R. Gale, D.F. Cutler, Plants in archaeology: identification manual of vegetative plant materials used in Europe and the Southern Mediterranean to c. 1500, 2000. Markova, 2019 S. Harris, Flax fibre : Innovation and Change in the Early Neolithic A Technological and Material Perspective, Text. Soc. Am. Symp. Proc., 2014, pp. 1–10, [Online]. Available: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/913. I. Camarda, C. Loi, Flax processing in Sardinia : a millenary material and non-material practice, 2012. Bartolucci, 2018, An updated checklist of the vascular flora native to Italy, Plant Biosyst. - An Int. J. Deal. Asp Plant Biol., 152, 179 Sabato, 2015, Archaeobotanical analysis of a Bronze Age well from Sardinia: A wealth of knowledge, Plant Biosyst. - An Int. J. Deal. Asp Plant Biol., 149, 205 Pérez-Jordà, 2020, Iron Age botanical remains from nuraghe S’Urachi Sardinia, Antiquity, 94, 10.15184/aqy.2020.33 Maier, 2011, Flax cultivation and textile production in Neolithic wetland settlements on Lake Constance and in Upper Swabia (south-west Germany), Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 20, 567, 10.1007/s00334-011-0300-8 Gleba, 2018, Textiles in pre-Roman Italy: from qualitative to quantitative approach, Orig. Preist. e protostoria delle civiltà antiche, 1 Gleba, 2019, The first plant bast fibre technology: identifying splicing in archaeological textiles, Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci., 11, 2329, 10.1007/s12520-018-0677-8 Kavkler, 2011, FTIR spectroscopy of biodegraded historical textiles, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 96, 574, 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.016 Margariti, 2019, The application of FTIR microspectroscopy in a non-invasive and non-destructive way to the study and conservation of mineralised excavated textiles, Herit. Sci., 7, 1, 10.1186/s40494-019-0304-8 Derrik, 1983 Coseri, 2015, One-shot carboxylation of microcrystalline cellulose in the presence of nitroxyl radicals and sodium periodate, RSC Adv., 5, 85889, 10.1039/C5RA16183E N.H. Tennent, K.M. Antonio, Bronze disease: synthesis and characterisation of botallackite, paratacamite and atacamite by infra-red spectroscopy, in: ICOM Committee for Conservation 6th triennial meeting: Ottawa, 21–25 September 1981: preprints, 1981, pp. 11. Martens, 2002, Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the basic copper chloride minerals - Implications for the study of the copper and brass corrosion and “bronze disease”, Neues Jahrb. fur Mineral. Abhandlungen, 178, 197, 10.1127/0077-7757/2003/0178-0197 Chen, 1998, Preservation of archaeological textiles through fibre mineralization, J. Archaeol. Sci., 25, 1015, 10.1006/jasc.1997.0286 P. Tiano, Biodegradation of Cultural Heritage: Decay Mechanisms and Control Methods, CNR-Centro di Stud. Sulle Cause Deperimento e Metod. Conserv. Opere d’Arte, vol. 9, 2001, pp. 1–37, [Online]. Available: http://www.arcchip.cz/w09/w09_tiano.pdf. Chen, 1996, SEM, EDS, and FTIR Examination of Archaeological Mineralized Plant Fibers, Text. Res. J., 66, 219, 10.1177/004051759606600406 O’Connor, 1958, Application of infrared absorption spectroscopy to investigation of cotton and modified cottos: Part I: physical and crystalline modification and oxidation, Text. Res. J., 28, 382, 10.1177/004051755802800503 Nelson, 1964, Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystalinity and crystal latticed type. Part II. A new infrared ratio for estiamation of crystallinity in cellulose I and II, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 8, 1325, 10.1002/app.1964.070080323 Široký, 2010, Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis of crystallinity changes in lyocell following continuous treatment with sodium hydroxide, Cellulose, 17, 103, 10.1007/s10570-009-9378-x Spiridon, 2011, Structural changes evidenced by ftir spectroscopy in cellulosic materials after pre-treatment with ionic liquid and enzymatic hydrolysis, BioResources, 6, 400, 10.15376/biores.6.1.400-413 Poletto, 2014, Native cellulose: Structure, characterization and thermal properties, Materials (Basel), 7, 6105, 10.3390/ma7096105 Segal, 1959, An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-Ray Diffractometer, Text. Res. J., 29, 786, 10.1177/004051755902901003 French, 2013, Cellulose polymorphy, crystallite size, and the Segal Crystallinity Index, Cellulose, 20, 583, 10.1007/s10570-012-9833-y Scott, 2000, A review of copper chlorides and related salts in bronze corrosion and as painting pigments, Stud. Conserv., 45, 39 Lafuente, 2015, The power of databases: The RRUFF project, 1 French, 2014, Idealized powder diffraction patterns for cellulose polymorphs, Cellulose, 21, 885, 10.1007/s10570-013-0030-4 Bergfjord, 2010, A procedure for identifying textile bast fibres using microscopy: Flax, nettle/ramie, hemp and jute, Ultramicroscopy, 110, 1192, 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.04.014 Cao, 2012, Characterization of flax fibres modified by alkaline, enzyme, and steam-heat treatments, BioResources, 7, 4109, 10.15376/biores.7.3.4109-4121 Tamburini, 2017, The short-term degradation of cellulosic pulp in lake water and peat soil: A multi-analytical study from the micro to the molecular level, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 116, 243, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.10.055 Haleem, 2019, Investigating the cotton ring spun yarn structure using micro computerized tomography and digital image processing techniques, Text. Res. J., 89, 3007, 10.1177/0040517518805387 Goldman, 2018, Micro-RTI as a novel technology for the investigation and documentation of archaeological textiles, J. Archaeol. Sci. Reports, 19, 1, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.013 Levy, 2012, Spinning in the 5th millennium in the Southern Levant: Aspects of the Textile Economy, Paléorient, 38, 127, 10.3406/paleo.2012.5463 Shamir, 2015, Textiles, Basketry and Cordage from Cave Q27, Contract Archaeol. Reports, V, 77 Cooke, 1991, The hand-spinning of ultra-fine yarns, part 2, Spinn. flax. CIETA Bull., 69, 17 P. Piquereddu, Tessuti. Tradizione e innovazione della tessitura in Sardegna, Ilisso Edizioni, Collana di. Nuoro, 2006.