First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

Astrophysical Journal Letters - Tập 875 Số 1 - Trang L4 - 2019
Kazunori Akiyama1,2,3,4, A. Alberdi5, W. Alef6, Keiichi Asada7, Rebecca Azulay8,6,9, Anne-Kathrin Baczko6, David Ball10, M. Baloković1,11, John Barrett2, Lindy Blackburn12, W. Boland13, Katherine L. Bouman1,14,11, Geoffrey C. Bower15, Michael Bremer16, Christiaan D. Brinkerink17, Roger Brissenden1,11, S. Britzen6, Avery E. Broderick18,19,20, Dominique Broguière16, Thomas Bronzwaer17, Do‐Young Byun21,22, J. E. Carlstrom23,24,25,26, Andrew Chael1,11, Chi‐kwan Chan27,10, S. Chatterjee28, Koushik Chatterjee29, Ming‐Tang Chen15, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho21,22, Pierre Christian11,10, J. E. Conway30, J. M. Cordes28, G. Crew2, Yuzhu Cui31,32, Jordy Davelaar17, Mariafelicia De Laurentis33,34,35, Roger Deane36,37, Jessica Dempsey12, G. Desvignes6, Jason Dexter38, Sheperd S. Doeleman1,11, Ralph P. Eatough6, H. Falcke17, Vincent L. Fish2, E. B. Fomalont4, Raquel Fraga-Encinas17, William T. Freeman39,40, Per Friberg12, Christian M. Fromm35, J. L. Gómez5, Peter Galison1,41,42, Charles F. Gammie43,44, Roberto García16, Olivier Gentaz16, Boris Georgiev18,20, C. Goddi17,45, Roman Gold35, Minfeng Gu, M. A. Gurwell11, Kazuhiro Hada31,32, M. H. Hecht2, R. Hesper46, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho7, Mareki Honma31,32, Chih-Wei L. Huang7, Shiro Ikeda47, Makoto Inoue7, Sara Issaoun17, D. J. James1,11, Buell T. Jannuzi10, Michaël Janssen17, Britton Jeter18,20, Wu Jiang, Michael D. Johnson1,11, Svetlana G. Jorstad48,49, Taehyun Jung21,22, Mansour Karami18,19, R. Karuppusamy6, Tomohisa Kawashima3, Garrett K. Keating11, Mark Kettenis50, Jae-Young Kim6, Junhan Kim10, Motoki Kino51,3, Jun Yi Koay7, Patrick M. Koch7, Shoko Koyama7, M. Krämer6, C. Krämer16, T. P. Krichbaum6, Cheng‐Yu Kuo52, Tod R. Lauer53, Sang-Sung Lee21, Yan-Rong Li, Rocco Lico, M. Lindqvist30, Kuo Liu6, R. Lucas54, Wen-Ping Lo55,7, A. P. Lobanov6, Laurent Loinard56,57, C. J. Lonsdale2, Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald6, N. Marchili, Sera Markoff29,58, Daniel P. Marrone10, Alan P. Marscher49, I. Martí‐Vidal59,30, Satoki Matsushita7, Lynn D. Matthews2, Lia Medeiros60,10, K. M. Menten6, Yosuke Mizuno35, Izumi Mizuno12, J. M. Moran1,11, Kotaro Moriyama2,32, Monika Mościbrodzka17, Cornelia Müller17,6, Hiroshi Nagai31,3, Neil M. Nagar61, Masanori Nakamura7, Ramesh Narayan1,11, Iniyan Natarajan36, R. Neri16, Chunchong Ni18,20, K. J. Orford6, Hiroki Okino62,32, Héctor Olivares35, Tomoaki Oyama32, Feryal Özel10, Daniel C. M. Palumbo1,11, Nimesh Patel11, Ue‐Li Pen63,64,65,19, Dominic W. Pesce1,11, R. L. Plambeck66, Aleksandar PopStefanija67, Oliver Porth29,35, Ben Prather44, Jorge A. Preciado-López19, Dimitrios Psaltis10, Hung-Yi Pu19, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan61, Ramprasad Rao15, Mark G. Rawlings12, Alexander W. Raymond1,11, Luciano Rezzolla35, Bart Ripperda35, Freek Roelofs17, A. E. E. Rogers2, E. Ros6, Mel Rose10, Arash Roshanineshat10, Helge Rottmann6, A. L. Roy6, Chet Ruszczyk2, Benjamin R. Ryan68,69, K. L. J. Rygl54, Salvador Sánchez70, David Sánchez-Argüelles71,47, Mahito Sasada72,32, T. Savolainen73,74,6, K. Schuster16, Lijing Shao75,6, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small50, Bong Won Sohn76,21,22, Jason Soohoo2, Fumie Tazaki32, Paul Tiede18,19,20, R. P. J. Tilanus17,45,77, Michael S. Titus2, Kenji Toma78,79, Pablo Torné70,6, Tyler Trent10, Sascha Trippe80, Shuichiro Tsuda32, Ilse van Bemmel50, H. J. van Langevelde50,81, Daniel R. van Rossum17, J. Wagner6, J. F. C. Wardle82, Jonathan Weintroub1,11, Robert Wharton6, Maciek Wielgus1,11, George N. Wong44, Qingwen Wu, André Young17, Ken Young11, Ziri Younsi35,83, Feng Yuan, J. A. Zensus6, Guang-Yao Zhao21, Shan-Shan Zhao17,84, Ziyan Zhu42, Joseph Farah1,11,85, F. M. Montenegro‐Montes86,7, Daniel Michalik87,88, Andrew Nadolski43, Hiroaki Nishioka7, Nicolas Pradel7, Rurik A. Primiani89, Kamal Souccar67, Laura Vertatschitsch11,89, Paul Yamaguchi11
1Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
2Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
3National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
4National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
5Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
6Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
7Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
8Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
9Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain
10Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
11Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
12East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Pl., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
13Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
14California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
15Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
16Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
17Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
18Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
19Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, Canada
20Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
21Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
22University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
23Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
24Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
25Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
26Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
27Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
28Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
29Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
30Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden
31Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
32Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
33Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
34INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
35Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
36Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
37Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0083, South Africa
38Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstr. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
39Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachussetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
40Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
41Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
42Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138 USA
43Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
44Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
45Leiden Observatory—Allegro, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
46NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
47Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., México
48Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskij pr., 28, Petrodvorets,198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
49Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
50Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
51Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
52Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Rd, Kaosiung City 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C
53National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
54Italian ALMA Regional Centre, INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
55Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sect.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
56Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CdMx 04510, México
57Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, MÉxico
58Gravitation Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
59Centro Astronómico de Yebes (IGN), Apartado 148, E-19180 Yebes, Spain
60Department of Physics, Broida Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
61Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
62Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
63Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
64Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
65Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
66Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
67Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
68CCS-2, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
69Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
70Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica, IRAM, Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain
71Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940, Ciudad de México, México
72Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
73Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
74Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, FI-02540 Kylmälä, Finland
75Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
76Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
77Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC Den Haag, The Netherlands
78Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
79Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
80Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
81Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
82Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
83Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK
84School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
85University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
86ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
87Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
88University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
89Systems and Technology Research, 600 West Cummings Park, Woburn, MA 01801, USA

Tóm tắt

Abstract We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ∼40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the “shadow” of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others’ work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.

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