Fire performance of carbonized medium density fiberboard manufactured at different temperatures

Grexa O, Horváthová E, Bešinová O, Lehocký P (1999) Flame retardant treated plywood. Polym Degrad Stab 64:529–533

Sweet MS (1993) Fire performance of wood: test methods and fire retardant treatments. In: Lewin, Menachem (eds) Recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials. Proceedings of the 4th annual BCC conference on flame retadancy; 1993 May 18–20; Stamford, CT. Business Communications Co. Inc., Norwalk pp 36–43

Kozłowski R, Władyka-Przybylak M (2008) Flammability and fire resistance of composites reinforced by natural fibers. Polym Advan Technol 19:446–453

Zawachki BE, Jung RC, Joyce J, Rincon E (1975) Smoke, burns, and the natural history of inhalation injury in fire victims: a correlation of experimental and clinical data. Ann Surg 185(1):100–110

Browne F (1958) Theories of the combustion of wood and its control. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. Report no. 2136

Stark NM, White RH, Mueller SA, Osswald TA (2010) Evaluation of various fire retardants for use in wood flour-polyethylene composites. Polym Degrad Stab 95:1903–1910

Salthammer T, Fuhrmann F, Uhde E (2003) Flame retardants in the indoor environment—part II: release of VOCs (triethylphosphate and halogenated degradation products) from polyurethane. Indoor Air 3:49–52

NFPA 269 (2000) Standard test method for developing toxic potency data for use in fire hazard modeling, National Fire Protection Association, USA

Chow CL (2003) Importance of smoke toxicity in fire hazard assessment. Int J Eng Perform-Based Fire Codes 5(4):16–148

Beitel JJ, Beyler CL, McKenna LA, Williams FW (1998) Overview of smoke toxicity testing and regulations. Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC. NRL/MR/6180-98-8128

Daniliuc A, Deppe B, Deppe O, Friebel S, Kruse D, Philipp C (2012) New trends in wood coatings and fire retardants. Eur Coating J 7(8):20–25

Levchik S, Weil ED (2000) Combustion and fire retardancy of aliphatic nylons. Polym Int 49:1033–1073

Östman B, Voss A, Hughes A, Hovde PJ, Grexa O (2001) Durability of fire retardant treated wood products at humid and exterior conditions review of literature. Fire Mater 25:95–104

Babrauskas V, Peacock R (1992) Heat release rate: the single most important cariable in fire hazard. Fire Saf J 18:255–272

Hirschler MM (1994) Fire retardance, smoke toxicity and fire hazard. In: Proceedings of Flame Retardants’94, British Plastics Federation Interscience Communications, 1/26-27, 1994, London, UK

Rowell RM, Susott RA, DeGroot WF, Shafizadeh F (1984) Bonding fire retardants to wood. Part 1. Thermal behavior of chemical bonding agents. Wood Fiber Sci 16(2):214–223

Hirschler MM (1992) Heat release from plastic materials. Chapter 12 a. In: Babrauskas V, Grayson SJ (eds) Heat release in fires. Elsevier, London, pp 375–422

Levin BC (1992) The development of a new small-scale smoke toxicity test method and its comparison with real-scale fire tests. Toxicol Lett 64–65:257–264

Kwon JH, Park SB, Ayrilmis N, Kim NH, Kwon SM (2012) Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, electrical resistivity and mechanical performance of carbonized medium density fiberboard. J Compos Mater 47(16):1951–1958

Kercher AK, Nagle DC (2002) Evaluation of carbonized medium-density fiberboard for electrical applications. Carbon 40:1321–1330

ISO 5660-1 (2002) Reaction-to-fire tests—heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate—part 1: heat release rate (cone calorimeter method). International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland

ISO 5660-2 (2002) Reaction-to-fire tests—heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate—part 2: smoke production rate (dynamic measurement). International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland

ASTM E 1678 (1997) Standard test method for measuring toxicity for use in fire hazard analysis. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, USA

The Building Standard Law (2011) Testing method for incombustibility of internal finish material and element of buildings (in Japanese). Korea Standards Association, Seoul, Korea

KS F 2271 (2011) Testing method for incombustibility of internal finish material and element of buildings (in Korean). Korea Standards Association, Seoul Korea

Lee BH, Kim HS, Kim SM, Kim HJ, Lee BW, Deng Y, Feng Q, Luo J (2011) Evaluating the flammability of wood-based panels and gypsum particleboard using a cone calorimeter. Constr Build Mater 25:3044–3050

Park JS, Lee JJ (2008) Ignition and heat release rate of wood-based materials in cone calorimeter tests. Mokchae Konghak 32(2):1–8

Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Kumar RN, Tamyez PF, Murphy RJ, Ali Z (2009) Physical and mechanical properties of flame retardant urea formaldehyde medium density fiberboard. J Mater Process Technol 190:635–640