Fine-scale temporal turnover of jarrah forest understory vegetation assemblages is independent of fire regime

Abbott, I., P. Van Heurck, and L. Wong. 1984. Responses to long-term fire exclusion: physical, chemical and faunal features of litter and soil; in a Western Australian forest. Australian Forestry 47: 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1984.10676008. Andersen, A.A., R.W. Braithwaite, G.D. Cook, L.K. Corbett, R.J. Williams, M.M. Douglas, A.M. Gill, S.A. Setterfield, and W.J. Muller. 1998. Fire research for conservation management in tropical savannas: introducing the Kapalga fire experiment. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1998.tb00708.x. Anderson, B.J., A. Chiarucci, and M. Williamson. 2012. How differences in plant abundance measures produce different species abundance distributions. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3: 783–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00229.x. Anderson, M.J. 2014. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online, ed. N. Balakrishnan, T. Colton, B. Everitt, W. Piegorsch, F. Ruggeri, and J.L. Teugels, 1–15. Hoboken: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07841. Anderson, M.J., C.D. Connell, M.B. Gillanders, C.E. Diebel, W.M. Blom, J.E. Saunders, and T.J. Landers. 2005. Relationships between taxonomic resolution and spatial scales of multivariate variation. Journal of Animal Ecology 74: 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00959.x. Anderson M.J. and Walsh D.C.I. 2013. PERMANOVA, ANOSIM, and the Mantel test in the face of heterogenous dispersions: what null hypothesis are you testing? Ecological monographs 83: 557–574. Archibald, S., W.J. Bond, W.D. Stock, and D.H.K. Fairbanks. 2005. Shaping the landscape: fire-grazer interactions in an African savanna. Ecological Applications 15: 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5210. Bell, D.T. 2001. Ecological response syndromes in the flora of southwestern Western Australia: fire resprouters versus reseeders. The Botanical Review 67: 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857891. Bell, D.T., and J.M. Koch. 1980. Post-fire succession in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Austral Ecology 5: 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1980.tb01226.x. Bond, W.J., and J.J. Midgely. 2001. Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02033-4. Bond, W.J., and B.W. van Wilgen. 1996. Fire and plants. Population and community biology series 14. London: Chapman and Hall. Bowman, D.M.J., B.A. Wilson, and R.J. Hooper. 1988. Response of Eucalyptus forest and woodland to four fire regimes at Munmarlary, Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Ecology 76: 215–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260465. Bradshaw, D.S., K.W. Dixon, S.D. Hopper, H. Lambers, and S.R. Turner. 2011. Little evidence for fire-adapted plant traits in Mediterranean climate regions. Trends in Plant Science 16: 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2010.10.007. Bradstock, R., and M.A. O’Connell. 1988. Demography of woody plants in relation to fire. Banksia ericifolia L.f. and Petrophile pulchella (Schrad) R.Br. Australian Journal of Ecology 13: 505–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1988.tb00999.x. Bradstock, R.A., M. Bedward, B.J. Kenny, and J. Scott. 1998. Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 86: 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00170-5. Bradstock, R.A., M.G. Tozer, and D.A. Keith. 1997. Effects of high frequency fire on floristic composition and abundance in a fireprone heathland near Sydney. Australian Journal of Botany 45: 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT96083. Bradstock, R.A., J.E. Williams, and A.M. Gill, eds. 2002. Flammable Australia; the fire regimes and biodiversity of a continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Briggs, J.M., A.K. Knapp, J.M. Blair, J.A. Heisler, G.A. Hoch, M.S. Lett, and J.K. McCarron. 2005. An ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of mesic grassland to shrubland. BioScience 55: 243–254. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568%282005%29055%5B0243:AEITCA%5D2.0.CO;2. Bureau of Meteorology. 2018. Climate data online. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018. Burrows, N., and G. Wardell-Johnson. 2003. Fire and plant interactions in forested ecosystems of south-west Western Australia. In Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and management, ed. I. Abbott and N. Burrows, 225–268. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. Burrows, N.D. 1995. Experimental development of a fire management model for jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest. Dissertation. Canberra: The Australian National University. Burrows, N.D., and P.E.S. Christensen. 2002. Long-term trends in native mammal capture rates in a jarrah forest in south-western Australia. Australian Forestry 65: 211–219. Burrows, N.D., and W.L. McCaw. 2013. Prescribed burning in southwestern Australian forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11: e25–e34. https://doi.org/10.1890/120356. Burrows, N.D., and T. Middleton. 2016. Mechanisms enabling a fire sensitive plant to survive frequent fires in south-west Australian eucalypt forests. Fire Ecology 12 (1): 26–40. https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.1201026. Capitanio, R., and C. Carcaillet. 2008. Post-fire Mediterranean vegetation dynamics and diversity: a discussion of succession models. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.010. Carey, G.J., and D.A. Morrison. 1995. Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: combinations of inter-fire intervals. Australian Journal of Ecology 20: 418–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00558.x. Chase, J.M. 2014. Spatial scale resolves the niche versus neutral theory debate. Journal of Vegetation Science 25: 319–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12159. Chave, J. 2004. Neutral theory and community ecology. Ecological Letters 7: 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2003.00566.x. Christensen, P.E.S., and I. Abbott. 1989. Impact of fire in the eucalypt forest ecosystem of southern Western Australia; a critical review. Australian Forestry 52: 103–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1989.10674542. Christensen, P.E.S., and P. Kimber. 1975. Effect of prescribed burning on the flora and fauna of south-west Australian forests. Proceedings of the Ecological Society 9: 85–106. Crawley, M.J., and J.E. Harral. 2001. Scale dependence in plant biodiversity. Science 291: 864–868. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5505.864. Dodson, J.R., and J.J. Lu. 2000. A late Holocene vegetation and environment record from Byenup Lagoon, south-western Australia. Australian Geographer 31: 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180093529. Driscoll, D.A., D.B. Lindenmayer, A.F. Bennett, M. Bode, R.A. Bradstock, G.J. Carey, M.F. Clarke, N. Dexter, R. Fensham, G. Friend, M. Gill, S. James, G. Kay, D.A. Keith, C. MacGregor, H.P. Possingham, J. Russel-Smith, D. Salt, J.E.M. Watson, D. Williams, and A. York. 2010. Resolving conflicts in fire management using decision theory; asset protection versus biodiversity conservation. Conservation Letters 3: 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00115.x. Eales, J., N.R. Haddaway, C. Bernes, S.J. Cooke, B.G. Jonsson, J. Kouk, G. Petrokofsky, and J.J. Taylor. 2018. What is the effect of prescribed burning in temperate and boreal forest on biodiversity, beyond pyrophilous and saproxylic species? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence 7: 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-018-0131-5. Egler, F.E. 1954. Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic composition, a factor in old-field vegetation development. Vegetatio 4: 412–417. Enright, N.J., J.B. Fontaine, B.B. Lamont, B.P. Miller, and V.C. Westcott. 2014. Resistance and resilience to changing climate and fire regime depend on plant functional traits. Journal of Ecology 102: 1572–1581. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12306. Enright, N.J., and B.B. Lamont. 1989. Seed banks, fire season, safe sites and seedling recruitment in five co-occurring Banksia species. Journal of Ecology 77: 1111–1122. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260826. Enright, N.J., R. Marsula, B.B. Lamont, and C. Wissel. 1998. The ecological significance of canopy seed storage in fire-prone environments; a model for resprouting shrubs. Journal of Ecology 86: 946–959. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00312.x. Foster, C.N., P.S. Barton, C.F. Sato, J.T. Wood, C.I. MacGregor, and D.B. Lindenmayer. 2015. Herbivory and fire interact to affect understorey habitat, but not its use by small vertebrates. Animal Conservation 19: 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12210. Gill, A.M. 1975. Fire and the Australian flora. Australian Forestry 38: 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1975.10675618. Gill, A.M. 1977. Management of fire-prone vegetation for plant species conservation in Australia. Search 8 (1-2): 20–26. Gill, A.M. 1981. Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species. In Fire and the Australian biota, ed. A.M. Gill, R.H. Groves, and I.R. Noble, 243–272. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science. Gill, A.M., and R. Bradstock. 1995. Extinction of biota by fires. In Conserving biodiversity: threats and solutions, ed. R.A. Bradstock, T.D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R.T. Kingsford, D. Lunney, and D. Silvertsen, 309–322. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons. Gill, A.M., J.C.Z. Woinarsky, and A. York. 1999. Australia’s biodiversity responses to fire. Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 1, Environment Australia. Canberra: Department of Environment and Heritage. Gilpen, M.E., and T.J. Case. 1976. Multiple domains of attraction in competition communities. Nature 261: 40–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/261040a0. Gosper, C.R., C.J. Yates, and S.M. Prober. 2012a. Changes in plant species and functional composition with time since fire in two Mediterranean climate plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 23: 1071–1081. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01434.x. Gosper, C.R., C.J. Yates, S.M. Prober, and B.C. Parsons. 2012b. Contrasting changes in vegetation structure and diversity with time since fire in two Mediterranean climate plant communities. Austral Ecology 37: 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02259.x. Grace, J.B., and J.E. Keeley. 2006. A structural equation model analysis of postfire plant diversity in California shrublands. Ecological Applications 16: 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761%282006%29016%5B0503:ASEMAO%5D2.0.CO;2. Greig-Smith, P. 1952. The use of random and contiguous quadrats in the study of the structure of plant communities. Annals of Botany 16: 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083317. Groeneveld, J., N.J. Enright, and B.B. Lamont. 2008. Simulating the effects of different spatio-temporal fire regimes on plant metapopulation persistence in a mediterranean-type region. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 1477–1485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01539.x. Hansen, A., J.S. Pate, and A.P. Hansen. 1991. Growth and reproductive performance of a seeder and a resprouter species of Bossiaea as a function of plant age after fire. Annals of Botany 67: 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088190. Hargrove, W.W., and J. Pickering. 1992. Pseudoreplication: a sine qua non for regional ecology. Landscape Ecology 6: 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129703. Hassell, C.W., and J.R. Dodson. 2003. The fire history of south-west Western Australia prior to European settlement in 1826-1829. In Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: Impacts and management, ed. I. Abbott and N. Burrows, 71–86. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. Havel, J.J. 2000. The ecology of the forests of south Western Australia in relation to climate and landforms. Dissertation. Perth: Murdoch University. Higgins, S.I., O. Flores, and F.M. Schurr. 2008. Costs of persistence and the spread of competing seeders and sprouters. Journal of Ecology 96: 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01391.x. Hill, S.J., and K. French. 2004. Potential impacts of fire and grazing in an endangered ecological community: plant competition and shrub and eucalypt regeneration in Cumberland Plain woodland. Australian Journal of Botany 52: 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT02068. Hubbell, S.P. 2001. The Unified Neutral Theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hubbell, S.P. 2005. Neutral theory in community ecology and the hypothesis of functional equivalence. Functional ecology: 166–172. Huston, M.A. 1999. Local processes and regional patterns: appropriate scales for understanding variation in the diversity of plants and animals. Oikos 86: 393–401. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546645. Hutchinson, G.E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals? The American Naturalist 93: 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1086/282070. Keeley, J.E. 1986. Resilience of mediterranean shrub communities to fires. In Resilience in mediterranean-type ecosystems. Tasks for vegetation science book series, volume 16, ed. B. Dell, A.J.M. Hopkins, and B.B. Lamont, 95–112. Dordrecht: Dr. W. Junk Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4822-8_7. Keeley, J.E. 1998. Coupling demography, physiology and evolution in chaparral shrubs. In Landscape disturbance and biodiversity in mediterranean-type ecosystems. Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis) book series, volume 136, ed. P.W. Rundel, G. Montenegro, and F.M. Jaksic, 257–264. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03543-6_14. Keeley, J.E. 2000. Chaparral. In North American terrestrial vegetation, ed. M.G. Barbour and W.D. Billings, 201–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Keeley, J.E., C.J. Fotheringham, and M. Baer-Keeley. 2005. Factors affecting plant diversity during post-fire recovery and succession of mediterranean-climate shrublands in California, USA. Diversity and Distributions 11: 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00200.x. Keith, D.A. 2012. Functional traits: their roles in understanding and predicting biotic responses to fire regimes from individuals to landscapes. In Flammable Australia: fire regimes, biodiversity and ecosystems in a changing world, ed. R.A. Bradstock, A.M. Gill, and R.J. Williams, 2nd ed., 97–125. Melbourne: CSIRO. Keith, D.A., and R.A. Bradstock. 1994. Fire and competition in Australian heath: a conceptual model and field investigations. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 347–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235858. Keith, D.A., L. Holman, S. Rodoreda, J. Lemmon, and M. Bedward. 2007. Plant functional types can predict decade-scale changes in fire-prone vegetation. Journal of Ecology 95: 1324–1337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01302.x. Keith, D.A., and M.G. Tozer. 2012. The influence of fire, herbivores and rainfall on vegetation dynamics in mallee: a long term experiment. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 134: 35–54. Kelly, L.T., A. Haslem, G.J. Holland, S.W.J. Leonard, J. MacHunter, M. Bassett, A.F. Bennett, M.J. Bruce, E.K. Chia, F.J. Christie, J. Di Stefano, R. Loyn, M.A. McCarthy, A. Pung, N. Robinson, H. Sitters, M. Swan, and A. York. 2017. Fire regimes and environmental gradients shape vertebrate and plant distributions in temperate eucalypt forests. Ecosphere 8 (4): e01781. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1781. Kirkpatrick, J.B., J.B. Marsden-Smedley, M.B. Di Folco, and S.W. Leonard. 2016. Influence of grazing and vegetation type on post-fire floristic and lifeform composition in Tasmania, Australia. Plant Ecology 217: 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0559-4. Knuckey, C.G., E.J.B. van Etten, and T.S. Doherty. 2016. Effects of long term fire exclusion and frequent fire on plant community composition: a case study from semi-arid shrublands. Austral Ecology 41: 964–975. https://doi.org/10.1111/aec.12388. Kreft, H., and W. Jetz. 2007. Global patterns and determinants of vascular plant diversity. PNAS 104: 5925–5930. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608361104. Kutt, A.S., and J.C.Z. Woinarski. 2007. The effects of fire and grazing on vegetation and the vertebrate assemblage in tropical savanna woodland in northeastern Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23: 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467406003579. Lamont, B.B., and S. Downes. 1979. The longevity, flowering and fire history of the grass tree Xanthorrhoea preissii and Kingia australis. Journal of Applied Ecology 16: 893–899. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402862. Lamont, B.B., and D. Wiens. 2003. Are seed set speciation rates always low among species that resprout after fire, and why? Evolutionary Ecology 17: 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025535223021. Lawton, J.H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84: 177–192. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546712. Le Maitre, D.C., and J.J. Midgely. 1992. Plant reproductive ecology. In The ecology of the fynbos; nutrients, fire and diversity, ed. R.M. Cowling, 135–174. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leigh, J.H., and M.D. Holgate. 1979. The responses of the understorey of forests and woodlands of the Southern Tablelands to grazing and burning. Australian Journal of Ecology 4: 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1979.tb01196.x. Lewis, T., and V.J. Debuse. 2012. Resilience of a eucalypt forest woody understorey to long-term (35-55) years repeated burning in subtropical Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21: 980–991. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF11003. Lewis, T., M. Reiff, E. Prendergast, and C. Tran. 2012. The effect of long-term repeated burning and fire exclusion on above- and below-ground blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) forest vegetation assemblages. Austral Ecology 37: 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02337.x. Lindenmayer, D.B., and G.E. Likens. 2009. Adaptive monitoring: a new paradigm for long-term research and monitoring. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.005. Makuei, G., L. McArthur, and Y. Kuleshov. 2013. Analysis of trends in temperature and rainfall in selected regions of Australia over the last 100 years. In Proceedings of MODSIM2013—20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, ed. J. Piantadosi, R.S. Anderson, and J. Boland, 415–419. Adelaide: Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand. McCaw, W.L., and N.D. Burrows. 1989. Fire management. In The jarrah forest, ed. B. Dell, J.J. Havel, and N. Malajczuk, 317–334. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3111-4_17. McGill, B.J., B.J. Enquist, E. Weiher, and M. Westoby. 2006. Rebuilding community ecology from functional traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21: 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.02.002. Meney, A.K., K.W. Dixon, and J.S. Pate. 1997. Reproductive potential of obligate seeder and resprouter herbaceous perennial monocots (Restionaceae, Anarthriaceae, Ecdeiocoleaceae) from south-western Western Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 45: 771–782. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT96028. Morrison, D.A., G.J. Cary, S.M. Pengelly, D.G. Ross, B.J. Mullins, C.R. Thomas, and T. Anderson. 1995. Effects of fire frequency on plant species composition of sandstone communities in the Sydney region: inter-fire interval and time-since-fire. Australian Journal of Ecology 20: 239–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00535.x. Mouillot, D., N.A.J. Graham, S. Villeger, N.W.H. Mason, and D.R. Bellwood. 2013. A functional approach reveals community responses to disturbance. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.004. Nield, A.P., P.G. Ladd, and C.J. Yates. 2009. Reproductive biology, post-fire succession dynamics and population viability analysis of the critically endangered Western Australian shrub Calytrix breviseta subsp. breviseta (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 57: 451–464. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT09043. Noble, I.R., and R.O. Slatyer. 1980. The use of vital attributes to predict successional changes in plant communities subject to recurrent disturbances. Vegetatio 43: 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121013. Ooi, M.K., R.J. Whelan, and T.D. Auld. 2006. Persistence of obligate-seeding species at the population scale: effects of fire intensity, fire patchiness and long fire-free intervals. International Journal of Wildland Fire 15: 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF05024. Paczkowska, G., and A.R. Chapman. 2000. The Western Australian flora—a descriptive catalogue. Perth: Wildflower Society of Western Australia (Inc.), the Western Australian Herbarium, CALM, and the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority. Palmquist, K.A., R.K. Peet, and A.S. Weakley. 2014. Changes in plant species richness following reduced fire frequency and drought in one of the most species-rich savanna in North America. Journal of Vegetation Science 25: 1426–1437. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12186. Pate, J.S., R. Froend, B. Bowen, H. Hansen, and J. Kuo. 1990. Seedling growth and storage characteristics of seeder and resprouter species of mediterranean-type ecosystems of S.W. Australia. Annals of Botany 65: 585–601. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087976. Pausas, J.G., and J.E. Keeley. 2014. Evolutionary ecology of resprouting and seeding in fire-prone ecosystems. New Phytologist 204: 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12921. Penman, T.D., D.L. Binns, and R.P. Kavanagh. 2009. Patch occupancy modelling as a method for monitoring changes in forest floristics: a case study in southeastern Australia. Conservation Biology 23: 740–749 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01146.x. Penman, T.D., D.L. Binns, R.J. Shiels, R.M. Allen, and R.P. Kavanagh. 2008. Changes in understorey plant species richness following logging and prescribed burning in shrubby dry sclerophyll forests of south eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 33: 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01809.x. Pickett, S.T.A., J. Kolasa, J.J. Armesto, and S.L. Collins. 1989. The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels. Oikos 54: 129–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/3565258. Pulseford, S.A., D.B. Lindenmayer, and D.A. Driscoll. 2016. A succession of theories: purging redundancy from disturbance theory. Biological Reviews 91: 148–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12163. Rathbone, D.A., and S. Barrett. 2017. Vertebrate browsing impacts in a threatened montane plant community and implications for management. Ecological Management and Restoration 18: 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12259. Rhabek, C. 2005. The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns. Ecological Letters 8: 224–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00701.x. Rosindell, J., S.P. Hubbell, and R.S. Etienne. 2011. The Unified Neutral Theory of biodiversity and biogeography at age ten. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.024. Rosindell, J., S.P. Hubbell, H. Fangliand, L.J. Harmon, and R.S. Etienne. 2012. The case for ecological neutral theory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.004. Rutherford, A. 2013. ANOVA and ANCOVA: a GLM approach. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley. Suding, K.N., and R.J. Hobbs. 2009. Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.012. Thuiller, W., J.A. Slingsby, S.D.J. Privett, and R.M. Cowling. 2007. Stochastic species turnover and stable coexistence in a species-rich, fire-prone plant community. PLoS ONE 2: e938. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000938. Tolhurst, K.G. 2003. Effects of repeated low-intensity fire on the understorey of mixed eucalypt foothill forest in south-eastern Australia. Research Report No. 58. Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. Tolhurst, K.G., and D.A. Oswin. 1992. Effects of spring and autumn low intensity fire on understorey vegetation in open eucalypt forest in west-central Victoria. In Ecological impacts of fuel reduction burning in dry sclerophyll forest: first progress report. Research Report No. 349, ed. K.G. Tolhurst and D. Flinn, 3.1–3.60. Victoria: Department of Conservation and Environment. Trabaud, L., and R. Prodon, eds. 2002. Fire and biological processes. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers. Velland, M. 2010. Conceptual synthesis in community ecology. The Quarterly Review of Biology 85: 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/652373. Verdu, M. 2000. Ecological and evolutionary differences between Mediterranean seeders and resprouters. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 265–268. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236806. Whelan, R.J. 1995. The ecology of fire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Whittaker, R.J., K.J. Willis, and R. Field. 2001. Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28: 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00563.x. Wiens, J.A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Ecology 3: 385–397. Williams, P.R., R.A. Congdon, A.C. Grice, and P.J. Clarke. 2003. Effect of fire regime on plant abundance in a tropical eucalypt savanna of north-eastern Australia. Ecology 28: 327–338. Wittkuhn, R.S., W.L. McCaw, A.J. Wills, R. Robinson, A.N. Andersen, P. Van Heurck, J. Farr, G. Liddelow, and R. Cranfield. 2011. Variation in fire interval sequences has minimal effects on species richness and composition in fire-prone landscapes of south-west Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 965–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.037. Woodward, F.I. 1987. Climate and plant distribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.