Fifty Years Since Silent Spring

Annual Review of Phytopathology - Tập 52 Số 1 - Trang 377-402 - 2014
Lynn Epstein1
1Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5720;

Tóm tắt

Rachel Carson's 1962 Silent Spring exposed both observed and potential environmental and health externalities of the increasing organochlorine and organophosphate insecticide use in the United States post–World War II. Silent Spring was a critical component in a popular movement that resulted in increased regulation and the development of safer pesticides. Most changes in pesticide use in the global north have involved pesticide substitutions, although riskier pesticides remain in use. Many ideas in Silent Spring are compatible with the theory of integrated pest management (IPM), and IPM has been broadly embraced in the United States and internationally as a strategy for achieving least-use and/or least-risk pesticide use in agriculture. IPM is a politically feasible policy that purports to reduce pesticide use and/or risk in agriculture but often does not, except in extreme cases of pesticide overuse that result in negative agricultural/economic consequences for growers.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

1. ABC News. 2001. Food. PollingReport.comhttp://pollingreport.com/food.htm

2. AgroNews. 2013. European crop protection sales up 10% in 2012. http://news.agropages.com/News/NewsDetail—11252.htm

10.3733/ca.v067n03p147

4. Aspelin A. 1997. Pesticide industry sales and usage: 1994 and 1995 market estimates. 733-K-97-002, US EPA, Washington, DC

10.2307/1243000

10.1371/journal.pone.0011250

10.1002/etc.5620190109

10.1080/10599240903389599

10.1038/nclimate1990

10.4039/Ent124587-4

10.1073/pnas.1305618110

10.1016/j.cropro.2013.07.011

10.1186/2190-4715-24-24

10.1093/jxb/err064

10.1289/ehp.1003185

10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102246

10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144748

Brown JKM, 2001, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences Handbook of Plant Science, 815

10.1073/pnas.142284999

10.1890/100225

21. Calif. Dep. Pestic. Regul. 2012. Pesticide use reports. Sacramento. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/purmain.htm

Carson RL, 1962, Silent Spring

10.1289/ehp.1104405

10.1073/pnas.0508312103

10.1371/journal.pone.0074136

10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144810

10.1289/ehp.1104323

28. Cone M. 2010. Insecticide to be banned: three decades after tainted melons sickened 2,000 people. Environ. Health News http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/aldicarb-phaseout

10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.04033.x

10.1038/nature09183

10.1111/j.1477-9552.2007.00083.x

10.1007/s10460-007-9067-z

10.1073/pnas.1314923110

34. Domínguez P, Miranda L, Soria C, de los Santos B, Chamorro M, et al. 2014. Soil biosolarization for sustainable strawberry production. Agron. Sustain. Devel. In press

Econ. Res. Serv, 2013, Farm Income and Wealth Statistics.

10.1289/ehp.1003183

10.1564/17aug02

10.2134/jeq2001.3051844x

10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095612

10.3733/ca.v054n06p14

10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00201-2

10.1007/978-94-007-7802-3_7

10.1007/978-94-007-2156-2_17

10.3733/ca.v067n03p139

Fernandez-Cornejo J, 2012, AgBioForum, 15, 231

10.1017/S1068280500001337

Flint ML, 2000, Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control

10.1371/journal.pone.0075798

Fok M, 2011, AgBioForum, 14, 47

Food Agric. Organ. U.N, 2013, Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticides

Food Agric. Organ. U.N, 2013, Integrated Pest Management

10.1073/pnas.0611710104

53. Froines JR. 2010. Report of the scientific review committee on methyl iodide to the Department of Pesticide Regulation. Sci. Rev. Comm. Calif. Dep. Pestic. Regul. Sacramento, CA.http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/risk/mei/peer_review_report.pdf

10.1126/science.1166289

55. Fungic. Action Resist. Comm. 2013. FRAC Code List. Brussels: Crop Life Int. http://www.frac.info/

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014

10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.003

10.1068/a41218

59. Gassmann AJ, Petzold-Maxwell JL, Clifton EH, Dunbar MW, Hoffmann AM, et al. 2014. Field-evolved resistance by western corn rootworm to multipleBacillus thuringiensistoxins in transgenic maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111:5141–46

10.1371/journal.pone.0022629

10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102356

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.02.003

10.1002/ps.3598

Gianessi L, 2011, Europe's Wheat Yields are the World's Highest Due to Fungicide Use. International Pesticide Benefits Case Study No. 43.

10.1007/978-1-4614-8087-7_7

10.1111/j.1467-9353.2005.00221.x

10.1111/1365-2664.12111

Graebner L, 1984, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 30, 27

10.1016/j.cropro.2013.07.013

Grube A, 2011, Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates

71. Gubler WD, Rademacher MR, Vasquez SJ, Thomas CS. 1999. Control of powdery mildew using the UC Davis powdery mildew risk index. APSnet. http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/UCDavisRisk.aspx

Hall DC, 1975, Calif. Agric., 29, 12

10.1021/jf030441c

10.1126/science.1215039

10.1016/j.cropro.2011.08.008

10.5367/oa.2012.0107

10.1564/v24_oct_05

10.1073/pnas.1110741108

10.2307/1243980

Huffaker CB, 1980, New Technology of Pest Control, 2

10.1126/science.1190242

INRA, 2010, Ecophyto R&D: Which Options to Reduce Pesticide Use?, 8

83. Intl. Assess. Agric. Knowl. Sci. Technol. Dev. 2009. Agriculture at a Crossroads. U.N. Environ. Programme. http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/iaastd/tabid/105853/default.aspx

Intl. Serv. Acquis. Agri-Biotech Appl, 2014, GM Approval Database.

10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.003

10.1098/rstb.2010.0153

James C, 2012, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2012. ISAAA Brief No. 44.

10.1021/jf101303g

Johnson H, 1962, Calif. Agric., 16, 5

10.1126/science.1243619

10.1073/pnas.1203647109

92. Kaye D. 2013. Stealth multilateralism: U.S. foreign policy without treaties—or the senate. Foreign affairs stealth multilateralism. Foreign Aff. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139649/david-kaye/stealth-multilateralism

93. Kinkela D. 2011. DDT and the American Century: Global Health, Environmental Politics, and the Pesticide that Changed the World. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. N.C. Press

10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.243

10.1126/science.1166453

10.1371/journal.pone.0029268

10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.175

10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.187

Lichtenberg E, 2002, Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 2, 1249

10.1038/nature11153

10.1126/science.1187881

10.1126/science.6857237

10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.005

10.1126/science.341.6147.740

10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.009

10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05301.x

10.1111/j.1439-0418.2009.01491.x

10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.313

Michelbacher AE, 1957, Calif. Agric., 11, 7

110. Morton V, Staub T. 2008. A short history of fungicides. APSnet. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-2008-0308

10.1371/journal.pone.0009754

10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.10.1071

113. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1989. Alternative Agriculture. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Press. 448 pp.

Natl. Res. Counc., 1993, Pesticides in the Diets of Infants & Children.

10.1017/S0021859605005708

10.1016/j.cropro.2003.10.001

Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev, 2013, OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators, 151

10.1016/j.envsci.2004.06.002

10.1002/ps.3529

Osteen C, 2012, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2012. Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin No. 98.

121. Palacio Z. Silent Springturns fifty. Voice Am. http://www.voanews.com/content/silent-spring-turns-fifty-years-old/1501317.html

10.1080/07900627.2010.531898

10.1021/ie50460a030

10.1007/978-1-4020-8992-3_1

10.1021/es062097g

10.2471/BLT.11.096578

10.1007/s10668-005-7314-2

10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x

10.1016/j.envsci.2012.10.019

10.1021/es051670d

10.1289/ehp.1003160

10.1073/pnas.1203396109

10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.005

10.1080/10643389.2012.672076

Rojas L, 2013, International pesticide market and regulatory profile

10.1111/j.1365-2338.2011.02516.x

10.1111/j.1745-6606.1987.tb00190.x

10.21273/HORTSCI.47.1.64

10.1371/journal.pone.0030023

10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.003

10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102244

10.1016/j.njas.2012.09.001

10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00581.x

Smale M, 2006, Environment and Production Technology Paper No. 158.

10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642

10.1371/journal.pone.0031801

10.3733/hilg.v29n02p081

10.1126/science.341.6147.734

10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105058

Storck T, 2012, PPO Spec. Rep., 15, 45

10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02483-7

10.1039/b105803g

10.1002/9783527655908.ch8

Toevs EA, 2011, AgBioForum, 14, 14

10.1080/10440046.2011.562036

Tomlin CDS, 2009, The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium, 15

10.1093/jee/90.1.139

158. U.S. Gen. Account. Off. 2001. Agricultural pesticides management: improvements needed to further promote integrated pest management. GAO-01–815. GAO, Washington, DC.http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01815.pdf

159. Univ. Calif. Statew. Integr. Pest Manag. Program. 2013. What is integrated pest management (IPM)? Davis, CA: Univ. Calif. http://ucipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/whatisipm.html

10.3733/ca.v059n01p7

10.1002/ps.3390

10.1146/annurev-environ-040911-105628

10.1002/ps.1865

10.1126/science.1215025

Wilhelm S, 1980, Plant Dis., 64, 264

10.1016/j.cropro.2008.04.006

10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00238-5

10.1071/CP13070

169. Wise K, Mueller D. 2011. Are fungicides no longer just for fungi? An analysis of foliar fungicide use in corn. APSnet Featur. doi:10.1094/APSnetFeature-2011-0531

10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00690.x

10.1093/jpe/rts013

10.1016/j.pestbp.2010.04.007

10.1038/35021046

10.1371/journal.pone.0077547