Van Allen MI, Smith DW, Shepard TH (1983) Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence: a study of 14 twin pregnancies with acardius. Semin Perinatol 7:285–293
Steffensen TS, Gilbert-Barness E, Spellacy W, Quintero RA (2008) Placental pathology in trap sequence: clinical and pathogenetic implications. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 27:13–29
Wong AE, Sepulveda W (2005) Acardiac anomaly: current issues in prenatal assessment and treatment. Prenat Diagn 25:796–806
Schwarzler P, Ville Y, Moscosco G et al (1999) Diagnosis of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence in the first trimester by transvaginal color doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 13:143–146
Pretorius DH, Leopold GR, Moore TR et al (1988) Acardiac twin. Report of Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound Med 7:413–416
van Gemert MJC, Ross MG, van den Wijngaard J, Nikkels PGJ (2022) Hypothesized pathogenesis of acardius acephalus, acormus, amorphus, anceps, acardiac edema, single umbilical artery, and pump twin risk prediction. Birth Defects Res 114:149–164
Guimaraes CV, Kline-Fath BM, Linam LE et al (2011) MRI findings in multifetal pregnancies complicated by twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence (TRAP). Pediatr Radiol 41:694–701
Napolitani FD, Schreiber I (1960) The acardiac monster. A review of the world literature and presentation of 2 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 80:582–589
van Gemert MJ, van den Wijngaard JP, Vandenbussche FP (2015) Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence is more common than generally accepted. Birth Defects Res Clin Mol Teratol 103:641–643
Quintero RA, Reich H, Puder KS et al (1994) Brief report: umbilical-cord ligation of an acardiac twin by fetoscopy at 19 weeks of gestation. N Engl J Med 330:469–471
Tsao K, Feldstein VA, Albanese CT et al (2002) Selective reduction of acardiac twin by radiofrequency ablation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187:635–640
Tan TY, Sepulveda W (2003) Acardiac twin: a systematic review of minimally invasive treatment modalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22:409–419
Mone F, Devaseelan P, Ong S (2016) Intervention versus a conservative approach in the management of TRAP sequence: a systematic review. J Perinat Med 44:619–629
Murrell Z, Lim F-Y, Habli M et al (2011) 443: double barrel placental cord insertions (DBPCI): marker for high risk placental vascular configuration impacting survival with selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (SFLP) in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 204:S178–S179
(2018) AIUM-ACR-ACOG-SMFM-SRU practice parameter for the performance of standard diagnostic obstetric ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med 37:E13–E24
Kennedy AM, Woodward PJ (2019) A radiologist’s guide to the performance and interpretation of obstetric Doppler US. Radiographics 39:893–910
Klaritsch P, Deprest J, Van Mieghem T et al (2009) Reference ranges for middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in monochorionic diamniotic twins: a longitudinal study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 34:149–154
Oliver ER, Coleman BG, Goff DA et al (2013) Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence: a new method of parabiotic twin mass estimation correlated with pump twin compromise. J Ultrasound Med 32:2115–2123
Moore TR, Gale S, Benirschke K (1990) Perinatal outcome of forty-nine pregnancies complicated by acardiac twinning. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:907–912
Ozawa K, Wada S, Muromoto J et al (2021) Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of the pump twin in twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence treated by radiofrequency ablation. Prenat Diagn 41:1575–1581
Buntinx IM, Bourgeois N, Buytaert PM, Dumon JE (1991) Acardiac amorphous twin with prune belly sequence in the co-twin. Am J Med Genet 39:453–457
Schinzel AA, Smith DW, Miller JR (1979) Monozygotic twinning and structural defects. J Pediatr 95:921–930
Sato T, Kaneko K, Konuma S et al (1984) Acardiac anomalies: review of 88 cases in Japan. Asia Ocean J Obstet Gynaecol 10:45–52
Fisher KE, Welsh AW, Henry A (2016) Uncommon complications of monochorionic twin pregnancies: twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Australas J Ultrasound Med 19:133–141
Herrera TT, Rueda K, Espinosa H, Britton GB (2020) Intestinal volvulus in the pump twin of a twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence after laser therapy at 18 weeks: a case report. J Med Case Rep 14:123
Habbal OA, Kenue RK, Venugopalan P (2005) Acardia syndrome coexisting with gastroschisis in the co-twin. Clin Dysmorphol 14:45–47
Athwal S, Millard K, Lakhoo K (2010) Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence in association with VACTERL association: a case report. J Med Case Rep 4:411
Chen CY, Wu YC, Chen CL, Yang ML (2007) Acardiac syndrome coexisting with complex skeletal dysplasia in the co-twin: 3D sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 35:387–389
Fuchs KM, van der Veer AL, Miller RA, Simpson L (2010) P23.12: fetal skeletal malformations among pump twins in monochorionic gestations complicated by TRAP sequence. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36:258–259
Healey MG (1994) Acardia: predictive risk factors for the co-twin’s survival. Teratology 50:205–213
Moore CA, Buehler BA, McManus BM et al (1987) Acephalus-acardia in twins with aneuploidy. Am J Med Genet Suppl 3:139–143
Rehder H, Schoner K, Kluge B et al (2012) Klinefelter twins presenting with discordant aneuploidies, acardia, forked umbilical cord and with different gonadal sex despite monozygosity. Prenat Diagn 32:173–179
Livingston JC, Lim FY, Polzin W et al (2007) Intrafetal radiofrequency ablation for twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP): a single-center experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 197:399e391-399e393
Lee H, Bebbington M, Crombleholme TM, North American Fetal Therapy N (2013) The North American Fetal Therapy Network Registry data on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Fetal Diagn Ther 33:224–229
Sugibayashi R, Ozawa K, Sumie M et al (2016) Forty cases of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence treated with radio frequency ablation using the multistep coagulation method: a single-center experience. Prenat Diagn 36:437–443
Kinsel-Ziter ML, Cnota JF, Crombleholme TM, Michelfelder EC (2009) Twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence: pre- and postoperative cardiovascular findings in the ‘pump’ twin. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 34:550–555
Brock CO, Johnson A (2022) Twin reverse arterial perfusion: timing of intervention. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 84:127–142