Feasibility and impact of a remote moderate-intensity yoga intervention on stress and executive functioning in working adults: a randomized controlled trial

Allexandre, D., Bernstein, A. M., Walker, E., Hunter, J., Roizen, M. F., & Morledge, T. J. (2016). A web-based mindfulness stress management program in a corporate call center. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(3), 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000680 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, AY. https://doi.org/10.1176/APPI.BOOKS.9780890425596.DSM05 Backx, R., Skirrow, C., Dente, P., Barnett, J., & Cormack, F. (2020). Comparing web-based and lab-based cognitive assessment using the Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery: A within-subjects counterbalanced study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e16792. https://doi.org/10.2196/16792 Calcagnotto, L., Huskey, R., & Kosicki, G. M. (2021). The accuracy and precision of measurement: Tools for validating reaction time stimuli. Computational Communication Research, 3(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5117/CCR2021.2.001.CALC Carraça, E., Encantado, J., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J., Busetto, L., & Oppert, J.-M. (2021). Effective behavior change techniques to promote physical activity in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 22(S4), e13258. https://doi.org/10.1111/OBR.13258 Chisholm, D. M., Collis, M. L., Kulak, L. L., Davenport, W., & Gruber, N. (1975). Physical activity readiness. British Columbia Medical Journal, 17(2), 375–378. Chobe, S., Chobe, M., Metri, K., Patra, S. K., & Nagaratna, R. (2020). Impact of yoga on cognition and mental health among elderly: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 52, 102421. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CTIM.2020.102421 Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404 Cowen, V. S., & Adams, T. B. (2005). Physical and perceptual benefits of yoga asana practice: Results of a pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 9(3), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2004.08.001 Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., & Anderson, A. K. (2013). Attentional modulation of primary interoceptive and exteroceptive cortices. Cerebral Cortex, 23(1), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/CERCOR/BHR385 Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146 Fox-Fuller, J. T., Ngo, J., Pluim, C. F., Kaplan, R. I., Kim, D. H., Anzai, J. A., ... & Quiroz, Y. T. (2021). Initial investigation of test-retest reliability of home-to-home teleneuropsychological assessment in healthy, English-speaking adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1–15. Gard, T., Noggle, J. J., Park, C. L., Vago, D. R., & Wilson, A. (2014). Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770 Golden-Kreutz, D. M., Browne, M. W., Frierson, G. M., & Andersen, B. L. (2004). Assessing stress in cancer patients: A second-order factor analysis model for the perceived stress scale. Assessment, 11(3), 216–223. Gothe, N., & McAuley, E. (2015). Yoga and cognition: A meta-analysis of chronic and acute effects. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(7), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000218 Goud Kondam, A. (2017). The effect of yoga in improved cognitive functions in medical students: A comparative study. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2016.6.0718414072016 Hartfiel, N., Burton, C., Rycroft-Malone, J., Clarke, G., Havenhand, J., Khalsa, S. B., & Edwards, R. T. (2012). Yoga for reducing perceived stress and back pain at work. Occupational Medicine, 62(8), 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1093/OCCMED/KQS168 Hoare, E., Stavreski, B., Jennings, G. L., & Kingwell, B. A. (2017). Exploring motivation and barriers to physical activity among active and inactive Australian adults. Sports, 5(3), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.3390/SPORTS5030047 Hodes, R., Insel, T., & Landis, S. (2013). The NIH toolbox: setting a standard for biomedical research. Neurology, 80(11 Supplement 3), S1–S1. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e90 Hoy, S., Östh, J., Pascoe, M., Kandola, A., & Hallgren, M. (2021). Effects of yoga-based interventions on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58, 102690. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CTIM.2021.102690 Jasti, N., Bhargav, H., George, S., Varambally, S., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2020). Tele-yoga for stress management: Need of the hour during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond? Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102334. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJP.2020.102334 Jurca, R., Jackson, A. S., LaMonte, M. J., Morrow, J. R., Blair, S. N., Wareham, N. J., & Laukkanen, R. (2005). Assessing cardiorespiratory fitness without performing exercise testing. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(3), 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.004 Kawada, T., & Otsuka, T. (2011). Relationship between job stress, occupational position and job satisfaction using a brief job stress questionnaire (BJSQ). Work, 40(4), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2011-1251 Kim, J., Gabriel, U., & Gygax, P. (2019). Testing the effectiveness of the internet-based instrument PsyToolkit: A comparison between web-based (PsyToolkit) and lab-based (E-Prime 3.0) measurements of response choice and response time in a complex psycholinguistic task. PLoS ONE, 14(9), e0221802. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0221802 Larkey, L., Jahnke, R., Etnier, J., & Gonzalez, J. (2009). Meditative movement as a category of exercise: Implications for research. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(2), 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.2.230 Luu, K., & Hall, P. A. (2016). Hatha yoga and executive function: A systematic review. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2014.0091 Maddux, R. E., Daukantaité, D., & Tellhed, U. (2018). The effects of yoga on stress and psychological health among employees: An 8- and 16-week intervention study. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 31(2), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1405261 Massey, W. V., Szarabajko, A., Thalken, J., Perez, D., & Mullen, S. P. (2021). Memories of school recess predict physical activity enjoyment and socioal-emotional well-being in adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101948 Morone, N. E., & Greco, C. M. (2007). Mind–body interventions for chronic pain in older adults: A structured review. Pain Medicine, 8(4), 359–375. Northey, J. M., Cherbuin, N., Pumpa, K. L., Smee, D. J., & Rattray, B. (2018). Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2016-096587 Park, C. L., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Sacco, S. J., Braun, T. D., & Lazar, S. (2021). How does yoga reduce stress? A clinical trial testing psychological mechanisms. Stress and Health, 37(1), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1002/SMI.2977 Pascoe, M. C., & Bauer, I. E. (2015). A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013 Phansikar, M., & Mullen, S. P. (2022). Cognitive and psychosocial effects of an acute sun salutation intervention among adults with stress. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 22, 100431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MHPA.2021.100431 Riley, K. E., & Park, C. L. (2015). How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry. Health Psychology Review, 9(3), 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.981778 Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: A review of comparison studies. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0044 Spielberger, C. D. (2010). State-trait anxiety inventory. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. Hoboken: Wiley. Stoet, G. (2010). PsyToolkit: A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux. Behavior Research Methods, 42(4), 1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.4.1096 Stoet, G. (2017). PsyToolkit: A novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments. Teaching of Psychology, 44(1), 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628316677643 Taquet, M., Holmes, E. A., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). Depression and anxiety disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: Knowns and unknowns. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02221-2 Wang, C., Li, K., Choudhury, A., & Gaylord, S. (2019). Trends in yoga, Tai Chi, and Qigong use among US adults, 2002–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 109(5), 755–761. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.304998 Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler adult intelligence scale-fourth edition - PsycNET (IV). Pearson. Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S. B., Vousoura, E., Diamond, M. C., & Miller, L. (2019). Effect of yoga-based interventions for anxiety symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 6(4), 256.