Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis

Aggleton, 1985, A description of intra-amygdaloid connections in the old world monkeys, Exp. Brain Res., 57, 390, 10.1007/BF00236545

Amaral, 1987, Memory: anatomical organization of candidate brain regions, 211

Applegate, 1982, Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbit, Brain Res., 238, 457, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90123-8

Arnault, 1987, The connections of the peripeduncular area studied by retrograde and anterograde transport in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 258, 463, 10.1002/cne.902580313

Arnault, 1990, Ventral temporal cortex in the rat: connections of secondary auditory areas Te2 and Te3, J. Comp. Neurol., 302, 110, 10.1002/cne.903020109

Berg, 1984, Diazepam blocks fear-enhanced startle elicited electrically from the brainstem, Physiol. Behav., 32, 333, 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90148-3

Berg, 1985, Associative learning modifies startle reflexes at the lateral lemniscus, Behav. Neurosci., 99, 191, 10.1037/0735-7044.99.2.191

Blanchard, 1969, Crouching as an index of fear, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 67, 370, 10.1037/h0026779

Boulis, 1989, Footshock-induced sensitization of electrically elicited startle reflexes, Behav. Neurosci., 103, 504, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.504

Bouton, 1991, A contextual analysis of fear extinction, 435

Bouton, 1985

Bouton, 1983, Contextual control of conditioned fear: tests for the associative value of the context, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 9, 248, 10.1037/0097-7403.9.3.248

Bouton, 1986, Effect of context with mixed histories of reinforcement and nonreinforcement, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 12, 4, 10.1037/0097-7403.12.1.4

Brimer, 1970, Disinhibition of an operant response, Learn. and Motiv., 1, 346, 10.1016/0023-9690(70)90100-1

Brown, 1951, Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus, J. Exp. Psychol., 41, 317, 10.1037/h0060166

Brown, 1956, Soundinduced startle response as a function of time since shock, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 49, 190, 10.1037/h0039991

Brown, 1988, Long-term synaptic potentiation, Science, 242, 724, 10.1126/science.2903551

Campeau, 1992, Involvement of the lateral amygdala and perirhinal cortex in fear potentiated startle to acoustic and visual conditioned stimuli, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 18, 1562

Campeau, 1991, Induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene in rat amygdala during unconditioned and conditioned fear, Brain Res., 565, 349, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91669-R

Campeau, 1990, Long-term retention of fear-potentiated startle following a short training session, Anim. Learn. Behav., 18, 462, 10.3758/BF03205328

Campeau, 1992, Intraamygdala infusion of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus, Behav. Neurosci., 106, 569, 10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.569

Cassella, 1985, Fear-enhanced acoustic startle is not attenuated by acute or chronic imipramine treatment in rats, Psychopharmacology, 87, 278, 10.1007/BF00432707

Cassella, 1986, Neural structures mediating acoustic and tactile startle reflexes and the acoustically-elicited pinna response in rats: electrolytic and ibotenic acid studies, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 12, 1273

Chapman, 1990, Long-term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala, Synapse, 6, 271, 10.1002/syn.890060306

Chi, 1965, The effect of amobarbital sodium on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle response in rats, Psychopharmacology, 7, 115, 10.1007/BF00403634

Clark, 1987, Review: D1 dopamine receptor—the search for a function: A critical evaluation of the D1D2 dopamine receptor classification and its functional implications, Synapse, 1, 347, 10.1002/syn.890010408

Clugnet, 1990, Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body, J. Neurosci., 10, 2818, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-08-02818.1990

Collingridge, 1987, NMDA receptors—their role in long-term potentiation, Trends Neurosci., 10, 288, 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90175-5

Davis, 1979, Morphine and naloxone: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 54, 341, 10.1016/0014-2999(79)90063-3

Davis, 1979, Diazepam and flurazepam: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 62, 1, 10.1007/BF00426027

Davis, 1986, Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, Behav. Neurosci., 100, 814, 10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.814

Davis, 1989, Sensitization of the acoustic startle reflex by footshock, Behav. Neurosci., 103, 495, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.495

Davis, 1992, The role of the amygdala in conditioned fear, 255

Davis, 1978, Conditioned fear and startle magnitude: effects of different footshock or backshock intensities used in training, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim Behav. Process., 4, 95, 10.1037/0097-7403.4.2.95

Davis, 1988, Serotonin does not mediate anxiolytic effects of buspirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm: comparison with 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, Psychopharmacology, 94, 14, 10.1007/BF00735873

Davis, 1982, A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesions and stimulation studies, J. Neurosci., 6, 791, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-06-00791.1982

Davis, 1987, Anxiety and the amygdala: pharmacological and anatomical analysis of the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, 263

Davis, 1979, Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 65, 111, 10.1007/BF00433036

Davis, 1989, Temporal specificity of fear-conditioning: effects of different conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus intervals on the fear-potentiated startle effect, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 15, 295, 10.1037/0097-7403.15.4.295

Estes, 1955, Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression, Psychol. Rev., 62, 145, 10.1037/h0048509

Falls, 1992, Visual cortex ablations fail to prevent extinction of fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 652.4

Falls, 1992, Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala, J. Neurosci., 12, 854, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-00854.1992

Fanselow, 1981, Naloxone and pavlovian fear conditioning, Learn. and Motiv., 12, 398, 10.1016/0023-9690(81)90002-3

Fanselow, 1982, The postshock activity burst, Anim. Learn. Behav., 10, 448, 10.3758/BF03212284

Fanselow, 1984, Shock-induced analgesia on the formalin test: effect of shock severity, naloxone, hypophysectomy, and associative variables, Behav. Neurosci., 98, 79, 10.1037/0735-7044.98.1.79

Fanselow, 1979, Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 93, 736, 10.1037/h0077609

Fanselow, 1991, Anatomically selective blockade of pavlovian fear conditioning by application of an NMDA antagonist to the amygdala and periaqueductal gray, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 17, 659

Fontana, 1989, Effects of acute and chronic anti-panic drug administration on conflict behavior in the rats, Psychopharmacology, 98, 157, 10.1007/BF00444685

Glenn, 1989, Anxiolytic profile of GR 38032F in the potentiated startle paradigm, Behav. Pharmacol., 1, 91, 10.1097/00008877-198900110-00011

Goh, 1989, A pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein in hippocampal long-term potentiation, Science, 244, 980, 10.1126/science.2543072

Grillon, C., Ameli, R., Merikangas, K., Woods, S.W. and Davis, M., Measuring the time course of anticipatory anxiety using the fear-potentiated startle reflex, Psychophysiology, in press.

Grillon, 1991, Fear-potentiated startle in humans: effect of anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic blink reflex, Psychophysiology, 28, 588, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb01999.x

Groves, 1970, Habituation: a dual process theory, Psychol. Rev., 77, 419, 10.1037/h0029810

Guldin, 1983, Cortical and thalamic afferent connections of the insular and adjacent cortex of the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 215, 135, 10.1002/cne.902150203

Hayward, 1990, Induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene during opiate withdrawal in the locus coeruleus and other regions of rat brain, Brain Res., 525, 256, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90872-9

Henke, 1983, Unit-activity in the central amygdalar nucleus of rats in response to immobilization-stress, Brain Res. Rev., 10, 833

Hijzen, 1989, Effects of midazolam, DMCM and lindane on potentiated startle in the rat, Psychopharmacology, 99, 362, 10.1007/BF00445558

Hitchcock, 1986, Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm, Behav. Neurosci., 100, 11, 10.1037/0735-7044.100.1.11

Hitchcock, 1987, Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stimulus: effect of lesions of the amygdala, Physiol. Behav., 39, 403, 10.1016/0031-9384(87)90242-3

Hitchcock, 1991, The efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, Behav. Neurosci., 105, 826, 10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.826

Hitchcock, 1991, Potential anxiolytic activity of 5-HT1A partial agonists MDL 102,181 and MDL 73,005EF in animal models of anxiety sensitive to buspirone, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 17, 281

Hitchcock, 1989, Sensitization of the startle reflex by footshock: blockade by lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala or its efferent pathway to the brainstem, Behav. Neurosci., 103, 509, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.509

Hjorth, 1982, Buspirone: effects on central monoaminergic transmissions - possible relevance to animal experimental and clinical findings, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 83, 299, 10.1016/0014-2999(82)90265-5

Hsia, 1984, ADP-ribosylation of adenylate cyclase by pertussis toxin, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 1086, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)43569-1

Inagaki, 1983, Precise terminal fields of the descending somatostatinergic neuron system from the amygdala complex of the rat, J. Hirnforsch., 24, 345

Ison, 1971, Modification of the startle reflex in the rat by changes in the auditory and visual environments, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 75, 435, 10.1037/h0030934

Ison, 1973, Latency and amplitude changes in the acoustic startle reflex of the rat produced by variation in auditory prestimulation, Physiol. Behav., 10, 1035, 10.1016/0031-9384(73)90185-6

Ito, 1988, Pertussis toxin suppresses long-term potentiation of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses, Neurosci. Lett., 90, 181, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90808-7

Iwata, 1986, Intrinsic neurons in the amygdala field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli, Brain Res., 383, 195, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90020-X

Jarrell, 1986, The role of the medial geniculate region in differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits, Brain Res., 374, 126, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90401-4

Jarrell, 1986, Ibotenic acid lesions in the medial geniculate region prevent the acquisition of differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia to acoustic stimuli in rabbits, Brain Res., 382, 199, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90133-2

Katada, 1982, Direct modification of the membrane adenylate cyclase system by islet-activating protein due to ADP-ribosylation of a membrane protein, 79, 3129

Kehne, 1988, Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and gepirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, Psychopharmacology, 94, 8, 10.1007/BF00735872

Kehne, 1981, Strychnine: brainstem and spinal mediation of excitatory effects on acoustic startle, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 76, 177, 10.1016/0014-2999(81)90499-4

Kim, 1992, Effects of intra-amygdala injections of NMDA receptor antagonists on acquisition and retention of inhibitory avoidance, Brain Res., 585, 35, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91188-K

Koch, M. and Ebert, U., Enhancement of the acoustic startle response by stimulation of an excitatory pathway from the central amygdala/basal nucleus of Meynert to the pontine reticular formation, Exp. Brain Res., in press.

Koch, 1992, Loss of the acoustic startle response following neurotoxic lesions of the caudal pontine reticular formation: possible role of giant neurons, Neuroscience, 49, 617, 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90231-P

Konorski, 1948

Krettek, 1978, Amygdaloid projections to subcortical structures within the basal forebrain and brainstem in the rat and cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 178, 225, 10.1002/cne.901780204

Krettek, 1978, A description of the amygdaloid complex in the rat and cat with observations on intraamygdaloid connections, J. Comp. Neurol., 178, 255, 10.1002/cne.901780205

Leaton, 1985, Potentiated startle: its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim Behav. Process., 11, 421, 10.1037/0097-7403.11.3.421

LeDoux, 1990, The lateral amygdaloid nucelus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning, J. Neurosci., 10, 1062, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-04-01062.1990

LeDoux, 1990, Topographic organization of neurons in the acoustic thalamus that project to the amygdala, J. Neurosci., 10, 1043, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-04-01043.1990

LeDoux, 1991, Ultrastructure and synaptic associations of auditory thalamo-amygdala projections in the rat, Exp. Brain Res., 85, 577, 10.1007/BF00231742

LeDoux, 1991, Overlapping projections to the amygdala and striatum from auditory processing areas of the thalamus and cortex, Neurosci. Lett., 134, 139, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90526-Y

LeDoux, 1986, Disruption of auditory but not visual learning by destruction of intrinsic neurons in the medial geniculate body of the rat, Brain Res., 371, 395, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90383-5

LeDoux, 1989, Indelibility of subcortical memories, J. Cogn. Neurosci., 1, 238, 10.1162/jocn.1989.1.3.238

LeDoux, 1985, Projections to the subcortical forebrain from anatomically defined regions of the medial geniculate body in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 242, 182, 10.1002/cne.902420204

LeDoux, 1986, Interruption of projections from the medial geniculate body to an archi-neostriatal field disrupts the classical conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli, Neuroscience, 17, 615, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90034-5

LeDoux, 1984, Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli, J. Neurosci., 4, 683, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-03-00683.1984

Lee, 1992, A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and anatomical tracing studies, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 1563

Leung, 1988, APV, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, blocks the hippocampal theta rhythm in behaving rats, Brain Res., 463, 148, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90538-0

Liang, 1990, Intra-amygdala injection of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists impairs memory in an inhibitory avoidance task, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 16, 767

Liang, 1986, Modulating effects of posttraining epinephrine on memory: involvement of the amygdala noradrenergic systems, Brain Res., 368, 125, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91049-8

Lingenhiohl, K. and Friauf, E., Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: an intracellular recording and HRP-study in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., in press.

Lingenhohl, 1991, Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation relay the acoustic startle response in the rat, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 17, 468

Mansbach, 1988, Blockade of potentiated startle responding in rats by 5-hydroxytryptame1A receptor ligands, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 156, 375, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90283-X

McAllister, 1971, Behavioral measurement of conditioned fear, 105

McDonald, 1987, Amygdaloid connections with posterior insular and temporal neocortical areas in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 262, 59, 10.1002/cne.902620106

McMillen, 1983, Selective effects of buspirone and molindone on dopamine metabolism and function in the striatum and frontal cortex of the rat, Neuropharmacology, 22, 273, 10.1016/0028-3908(83)90240-X

Mehler, 1980, Subcortical afferent connections of the amygdala in the monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 190, 733, 10.1002/cne.901900407

Melia, 1991, Effects of septal lesions on fear-potentiated startle, and on the anxiolytic effects of buspirone and diazepam, Physiol. Behav., 49, 603, 10.1016/0031-9384(91)90286-W

Melia, 1992, Involvement of pertussis toxin sensitive G-proteins in conditioned fear-potentiated startle: possible involvement of the amygdala, Brain Res., 584, 141, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90887-F

Melia, 1992, Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block the excitatory effects of septal ablation on the acoustic startle reflex, Physiol. Behav., 51, 175, 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90220-V

Miller, 1960, Motivational effects of drugs: methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology, Psychopharmacologia, 1, 169, 10.1007/BF00402740

Millhouse, 1983, Neuronal configurations in lateral and basolateral amygdala, Neuroscience, 10, 1269, 10.1016/0306-4522(83)90112-4

Miserendino, 1990, Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala, Nature, 345, 716, 10.1038/345716a0

Mizuno, 1985, Amygdalospinal projections in the macaque monkey, Neurosci. Lett., 53, 327, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90559-2

Monaghan, 1985, Distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive L-[3H]Glutamate-binding sites in rat brain, J. Neurosci., 5, 2909, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-11-02909.1985

Morgan, 1991, Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 14, 421, 10.1146/annurev.ne.14.030191.002225

Neff, 1985, Behavioral studies of auditory discrimination: central nervous system, 307

Nicoll, 1988, The current excitement in long-term potentiation, Neuron, 1, 97, 10.1016/0896-6273(88)90193-6

Nitcka, 1981, The organization of intraamygdaloid connections—an HRP study, J. Hirnforsch., 22, 3

Nitecka, 1989, Organization and synaptic interconnections of GABAergic and cholinergic elements in the rat amygdaloid nuclei: single- and double-immunolabeling studies, J. Comp. Neurol., 279, 470, 10.1002/cne.902790311

Nose, 1991, Synaptic responses of guinea pig and rat central amygdala neurons in vitro, J. Neurophysiol., 65, 1227, 10.1152/jn.1991.65.5.1227

Ottersen, 1981, The afferent connections of the amygdala of the rat as studied with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, 91

Ottersen, 1981, Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat with some observations in the cat. III. Afferents from the lower brain stem, J. Comp. Neurol., 202, 335, 10.1002/cne.902020304

Ottersen, 1980, Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat, II. Afferents from the hypothalamus and the basal telencephalon, J. Comp. Neurol., 194, 267, 10.1002/cne.901940113

Ottersen, 1982, Connections of the amygdaloid of the rat. IV. Corticoamygdaloid and intraamygdaloid connections as studied with axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase, J. Comp. Neurol., 205, 30, 10.1002/cne.902050104

Ottersen, 1979, Afferent connections to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and cat. I. Projections from the thalamus, J. Comp. Neurol., 187, 401, 10.1002/cne.901870209

Pascoe, 1985, Electrophysiological characteristics of amygdaloid central nucleus neurons during Pavlovian fear conditioning in the rabbit, Behav. Brain Res., 16, 117, 10.1016/0166-4328(85)90087-7

Pavlov, 1927, Conditioned Reflexes

Pazos, 1985, Quantitative mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain. I. Serotonin-1 receptors, Brain Res., 346, 205, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)90856-X

Penypacker, 1967, External inhibition of the conditioned eyelid reflex, 528

Post, 1980, Contribution to the amygdaloid projection field in the rat: a quantitative autoradiographic study, J. Hirnforsch., 21, 199

Price, 1981, An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala, J. Neurosci., 1, 1242, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.01-11-01242.1981

Rainnie, 1991, Excitatory transmission in the basolateral amygdala, J. Neurophysiol., 66, 986, 10.1152/jn.1991.66.3.986

Rescorla, 1979

Roberts, 1982, Distribution of neuropeptides in the limbic system of the rat: the amygdaloid complex, Neuroscience, 7, 99, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90156-7

Roger, 1989, Anatomical study of the connections of the primary auditory area in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 287, 339, 10.1002/cne.902870306

Romanski, 1991, Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 17, 658

Rosen, 1988, Enhancement of acoustic startle by electrical stimulation of the amygdala, Behav. Neurosci., 102, 195, 10.1037/0735-7044.102.2.195

Rosen, 1988, Temporal characteristics of enhancement of startle by stimulation of the amygdala, Physiol. Behav., 44, 117, 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90354-X

Rosen, 1990, Enhancement of electrically elicited startle by amygdaloid stimulation, Physiol. Behav., 48, 343, 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90325-X

Rosen, 1992, Lesions of the perirhinal cortex, but not of the frontal, visual or insular cortex block fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus, J. Neurosci., 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04624.1992

Rosen, 1991, A direct projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the acoustic startle pathway: anterograde and retrograde tracing studies, Behav. Neurosci., 105, 817, 10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.817

Russchen, 1982, Amygdalopetal projections in the cat. II. Subcortical afferent connections, J. Comp. Neurol., 207, 157, 10.1002/cne.902070205

Ryugo, 1974, Differential telencephalic projections of the medial and ventral divisions of the medial geniculate body of the rat, Brain Res., 82, 173, 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90903-2

Sananes, 1992, NMDA lesions of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala block fear-potentiated startle and shock sensitization of startle, Behav. Neurosci., 106, 72, 10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.72

Sandrew, 1986, Amygdalospinal projections in the cat, Brain Res., 373, 235, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)90336-7

Schwaber, 1982, Amygdaloid and basal forebrain direct connections with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus, J. Neurosci., 2, 1424, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-10-01424.1982

Siegel, 1967, Stimulus generalization of a classically conditioned response along a temporal dimension, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 64, 461, 10.1037/h0025211

Smith, 1985, The connections between basolateral and central nuclei, Neurosci. Lett., 56, 307, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90260-5

Sorenson, 1983, Behavioral evidence that nicotine administration has anxiolytic actions, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 9, 137

Supple, 1990, Cerebellar vermis: essential for classically conditioned bradycardia in the rat, Brain Res., 509, 17, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90303-S

Swerdlow, 1989, Potentiation of acoustic startle by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and by fear are both reversed by alpha-helical CRF (9–41), Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 285, 10.1016/0893-133X(89)90033-X

Taylor, 1982, Dopamine and antianxiety activity, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 17, 25, 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90507-X

Teich, 1988, Role of auditory cortex in the acquisition of differential heart rate conditioning, Physiol. Behav., 44, 405, 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90044-3

Teich, 1989, Auditory cortex lesions prevent the extinction of heart rate conditioning to tonal stimuli in rabbits, Brain Res., 480, 210, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91584-9

Turner, 1981, The cortical sequence and terminal distribution of sensory related afferents to the amygdaloid complex of the rat and monkey, 51

Turner, 1981, An autoradiographic study of thalamo-amygdaloid connections in the rat, The Anatomical Record, 199, 260A

Turner, 1991, Thalamoamygdaloid projections in the rat: a test of the amygdala's role in sensory processing, J. Comp. Neurol., 313, 295, 10.1002/cne.903130208

Turner, 1984, The architecture and some of the interconnections of the rat's amygdala and lateral periallocortex, J. Comp. Neurol., 227, 540, 10.1002/cne.902270406

Umemoto, 1975, Effects of chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and chlorpromazine on conditioned emotional behaviour and conditioned neuronal activity in limbic, hypothalamic and geniculate regions, Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 413

Van der Ploeg, 1991, Limited distribution of pertussis toxin in rat brain after injection into the lateral cerebral ventricles, Neuroscience, 444, 205, 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90261-L

Van Hoesen, 1981, The differential distribution, diversity and sprouting of cortical projections to the amygdala in the Rhesus monkey, 77

VanderMaelen, 1986, Inhibition of serotonergic dorsal raphe neurons by systemic and iontophoretic administration of buspirone, a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 129, 123, 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90343-2

Veening, 1978, Subcortical afferents of the amygdaloid complex in the rat: an HRP study, Neurosci. Lett., 8, 197, 10.1016/0304-3940(78)90121-0

Wecker, 1986, Visual function measured by reflex modification in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy, Behav. Neurosci., 100, 679, 10.1037/0735-7044.100.5.679

Weiner, 1985, Drugs that inhibit adrenergic nerves and block adrenergic receptors, 181