Fault slip rates for the active External Dinarides thrust‐and‐fold belt
Tóm tắt
We present estimates of slip rates for active faults in the External Dinarides. This thrust‐and‐fold belt formed in the Adria‐Eurasia collision zone by the progressive formation of NE‐dipping thrusts in the footwalls of older structures. We calculated the long‐term horizontal velocity field, slip rates and related uncertainties for active faults using a thin‐shell finite element method. We incorporated active faults with different effective fault frictions, rheological properties, appropriate geodynamic boundary conditions, laterally varying heat flow and topography. The results were obtained by comparing the modeled maximum compressive horizontal stress orientations with the World Stress Map database. The calculated horizontal velocities decrease from the southeastern External Dinarides to the northwestern parts of the thrust‐and‐fold belt. This spatial pattern is also evident in the long‐term slip rates of active faults. The highest slip rate was obtained for the Montenegro active fault, while the lowest rates were obtained for active faults in northwestern Slovenia. Low slip rates, influenced by local active diapirism, are also characteristic for active faults in the offshore central External Dinarides. These findings are contradictory to the concept of Adria as an internally rigid, aseismic lithospheric block because the faults located in its interior release a part of the regional compressive stress. We merged the modeling results and available slip rate estimates to obtain a composite solution for slip rates.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Albini P., 2004, A survey of the past earthquakes in the Eastern Adriatic (14th to early 19th century), Ann. Geophys., 47, 675
Amante C. andB. W.Eakins(2009) ETOPO1 1 Arc‐Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures data sources and analysis NOAA Tech. Memo. NESDIS NGDC‐24 19 pp. Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin. Silver Spring Md.[Available athttp://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html.]
Aničić D. G.Berz D.Boore J.Bouwkamp U.Hakenbeck R.McGuire J.Sims andG.Wieczorek(1980) Reconnaissance report: Montenegro Yugoslavia earthquake April 15 1979 report 90 pp. Earthquake Eng. Res. Inst. Oakland Calif.
Argnani A., 1998, Structural elements of the Adriatic foreland and their relationships with the front of the Apennine fold‐and thrust belt, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 52, 647
Boccaletti M., 2005, La Neo‐Catena litosferica appenninica nata a partire dal pliocene inferiore come espressione della convergenza Africa–Europa, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 124, 87
Caporali A., 2007, Final Reports of the Project: Assessing the Seismogenic Potential and the Probability of Strong Earthquakes in Italy, 25
Dahlen F. A., 1990, Critical taper model of fold‐and‐thrust belts and accretionary wedges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 19, 55, 10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.000415
Del Ben A., 1994, Seismic and heat flow study of the southern Adriatic Basin, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 36, 29
Del Ben A., 2010, Relation between recent tectonics and inherited Mesozoic structures of the central‐southern Adria plate, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 51, 99
DISS Working Group(2009) Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS) Version 3.1.0: A compilation of potential sources for earthquakes larger than M 5.5 in Italy and surrounding areas http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/Version310.html Ist. Naz. di Geofis. e Vulcanol. Rome.
DISS Working Group(2010) Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS) Version 3.1.1: A compilation of potential sources for earthquakes larger than M 5.5 in Italy and surrounding areas http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/Version311.html Ist. Naz. di Geofis. e Vulcanol. Rome.
Drobne K., 1991, Introduction to the Paleogene of SW Slovenia and Istria Field Trip Guidebook, Second Meeting IGCP project 286, 7
Finetti I. R., 2005, CROP Project: Deep Seismic Exploration of the Central Mediterranean and Italy, 519
1997 Fed. Ital. di Sci.della Terra Udine Italy R. Gambini R. Thomas S. Morandi Inversion tectonics on the central Adriatic Sea 170 171
Grandić S., 2000, Triassic synrift euxinic basins as a factor of exploration risk in the Croatian offshore area, Nafta (Zagreb, Croatia), 51, 41
Grandić S., 1999, Hydrocarbon possibilities in the Eastern Adriatic Slope zone of Croatian offshore area, Nafta (Zagreb, Croatia), 50, 51
Grandić S., 2007, Review of the hydrocarbon layers in the Croatian offshore and Periadriatic areas, Nafta (Zagreb, Croatia), 58, 146
Hamilton T. F. S. W.Fowler J.‐C.Miquel andJ.La Rosa(1998) 210Pb dating of sediments from the central and northern Adriatic Sea: Deposition and preservation of sedimentary organic carbon Rep. UCRL‐JC‐123886 Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore Calif.
Hansen F. D.(1982) Semibrittle creep of selected crustal rocks at 1000 MPa PhD thesis 224 pp. Tex. A&M Univ. College Station.
Hansen F. D., 1983, Rock Mechanics: Theory‐Experiment‐Practice. Proceedings of the 24th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, 429
Herak M., 1995, Fault plane solutions for earthquakes (1956–1995) in Croatia and neighbouring regions, Geofizika, 12, 43
Ivančić I., 2006, Seismicity of Croatia in the period 2002–2005, Geofizika, 23, 87
Kralj K., 2009, An overview on structures and structural styles in the Adriatic Offshore, Croatia, Rend. Online Soc. Geol. Ital., 9, 41
Kuk V., 2000, Seismotectonically active zones in the Dinarides, Geol. Croat., 53, 295
Lawlis J. D.(1998) High temperature creep of synthetic olivine‐enstatite aggregates PhD thesis Penn. State Univ. University Park.
1998 Slovenian Acad. of Sci. and Art Ljubjana T. Marjanac D. Babac J. Benić V. Ćosović K. Drobne L. Marjanac R. Pavlovec Z. Velimirović L. Hottinger K. Drobne Eocene carbonate sediments and sea‐level changes on the NE part of Adriatic carbonate platform (Island of Hvar and Pelješac penninsula Croatia) 243 254
Markušić S., 1990, Seismicity of Croatia and the surrounding areas in 1988, Geofizika, 7, 121
Papazachos B. C. P. E.Comninakis E. M.Scordilis G. F.Karakaisis andC. B.Papazachos(2009) A catalogue of earthquakes in the Mediterranean and surrounding area for the period 1901–Sep2009 Publ. Geophys. Lab. Univ. of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece[Available athttp://geophysics.geo.auth.gr/ss/CATALOGS/seiscat.dat].
Pichard P.(1979) Restoration of the cultural heritage of Montenegro after the earthquake of 15 April 1979 Restricted Tech. Rep. RP/1979–80/4/7.6/05 40 pp. UNESCO Paris.
Ribarič V., 1982, Seizmičnost Slovenije, Katalog potresov (792 n.e.‐1981)
Shelton G., 1981, Experimental flow laws for crustal rocks, Eos Trans. AGU, 62, 396
Stucchi M., 2007, DBMI04, il database delle osservazioni macrosismiche dei terremoti italiani utilizzate per la compilazione del catalogo parametrico CPTI04, Quad. Geofis., 49
Suppe J., 2009, Mechanics of thrust belts and the weak fault/strong‐crust problem, Trab. Geol., 29, 51
Tari‐Kovačić V., 1998, Geodynamics of the Middle Adriatic offshore area, Croatia, based on stratigraphic and seismic analysis of Paleogene beds, Acta Geol. Hung., 41, 313
1998 Slovenian Acad. of Sci. and Art Ljubjana V. Tari‐Kovačić K. Kalac D. Lučič J. Benić L. Hottinger K. Drobne Stratigraphic analysis of Paleogene beds in some off‐shore wells (Central Adriatic area Croatia) 203 242
Watts A. B., 2001, Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere