Family-Based Approaches to Substance Abuse Prevention

Achenbach, T.M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry. Aktan, G. B., Kumpfer, K. L., & Turner, C.W. (1996). Effectiveness of a family skills training program for substance use prevention with inner city African-American families. Substance Use and Misuse, 31(2), 157–175. Alexander, J.F., & Parsons, B.V. (1973). Short-term behavioral intervenion with delinquent families: Impact on family process and recidivism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81(3), 219–225. Anastopoulos, A.D., Shelton, T.L., DuPaul, G.J., & Guevremont, D.C. (1993). Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Its impact on parent functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 581–596. Arnold, J.E., Levine, A.G., & Patterson, G.R., (1975). Changes in sibling behavior following family intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(5), 683–688. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall. Bank, L., Marlowe, H., Reid, J.B., Patterson, G.R., & Weinrott, M.R. (1991). A comparative evaluation of parent-training interventions for families of chronic delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19(1), 115–133. Barton, C., Alexander, J.F., Wadron, H., Turner, C.W., & Warburton, J. (1985). Generalizing treatment effects of functional family therapy: Three replications. American Journal of Family Therapy, 13(3), 16–26. Baum, C.G., & Forehand, R. (1981). Long term followup assessment of parent training by use of multiple outcome measures. Behavior Therapy, 12, 643–652. Baumrind, D. (1972). An exploratory study of socialization effects on Black children: Some Black-White comparisons. Child Development, 43, 261–267. Baumrind, D. (1983, October). Why adolescents take chances-And why they don't. Paper presented at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style of adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental-ecological analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 413–434. Bernal, M.E., Klinnert, M.C., & Schultz, L.A. (1980). Outcome evaluation of behavioral parent training and client-centered parent counseling for children with conduct problems. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 677–691. Borduin, C.M., Mann, B.J., Cone, L.T., Henngeler, S.W., Fucci, B.R., Blaske, D. M., & Williams, R.A. (1995). Multisystemic treatment of serous juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 569–578. Brestan, E.V., & Eyberg, S.M. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies, and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 170–188. Brook, J.S., Brook, D.W., Gordon, A.S., Whiteman, M., & Cohen, P. (1990). The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 116, 111–267. Brook, J.S., Gordon, A.S., Whiteman, M, & Cohen, P. (1986). Some models and mechanisms for explaining the impact of maternal and adolescent characteristics on adolescent stage of drug use. Developmental Psychology, 22, 460–467. Bry, B.H., Catalano, R.F., Kumpfer, K.L., Lochman, J.E., & Szapocznik, J. (1998). Scientific findings from family prevention intervention research. In R.S. Ashery, E.B. Robertson, & K.L. Kumpfer (Eds.), Drug abuse prevention through family interventions. (pp. 103–129). Carrol, J.J., & Trull, L.A. (1999). Homeless African American women's interpretation of child abuse as an antecedent of chemical dependence. Early Child Development and Care, 155, 1–16. Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., Gainey, R. R., Hoppe, M. J., & Social Development Research Group. (1995). Reducing parental risk factors for children's substance abuse: Preliminary outcomes with opiate-addicted parents. Unpublished manuscript. Chamberlain, P., Reid, J.B. (1998). Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 624–633. Chassin, L, Curran, P.J., Hussong, A.M., & Colder, C.R. (1996). The relation of parent alcoholism to adolescent substance use: A longitudinal follow-up study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 70–80. Cherry, V. R., Belgrave, F.Z., Jones, W., Kennon, D.K., Gray, F.S., & Phillips, F. (1998). NTU: An Africentric approach to substance abuse prevention among African American youth. Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(3), 319–339. Coie, J.D., Lochman, J.E., Terry, R, Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorders from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 783–792. Coie, J.D. Miller-Johnson, S, Terry, R, Maumary-Gremaud, A, Lochman, J.E. & Hyman, C. (1997). The influence of peer rejection, aggression, and deviant peer associations on juvenile offending among African-American Adolescents. Unpublished manuscript, Duke University. Colder, C.R., Lochman, J.E., & Wells, K.C. (1997). The moderating effects of children's fear and activity level on relations between parenting practices and childhood symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 251–263. Compas, B.E. Ey, S, & Grant, K.E. (1993). Taxonomy, assessment and diagnosis of depression during adolescence. Psychology Bulletin, 114, 323–344. Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (1999). Initial Impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems. I: The high risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 631–647. Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E., & Pettit, G.S. (1996). Physical discipline among African-American and European-American mothers: links to children's externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1065–1072. Dishion, T.J., & Andrews, D.W. (1995). Preventing escalation in problem behaviors with high-risk young adolescents: Immediate and 1-year outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 538–548. Dishion, T.J., & Patterson, G.R. (1993). Childhood screening for early adolescent problem behavior: A multiple gating strategy. In M. Singer & L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook for screening adolescents at psychosocial risk. (pp. 375–399). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Dishion, T.J., Reid, J.B, & Patterson, G.R. (1988) Empirical guidelines for a family intervention for adolescent drug use. Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, 2, 181–216. Dodge, K.A., Bates, J.E. & Pettit, G.S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683. Dubey, D.R., O'Leary, S.G., & Kaufman, K.F. (1983). Training parents of hyperactive children in child management: A comparative outcome study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11(2), 229–246. Dumas, J.E. (1984). Interactional correlates of treatment outcome in behavioral parent training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(6), 946–954. Elliott, D.S., Ageton, S.S., Huizinga, D., Knowles, B.A., & Canter, R.J. (1983). The prevalence and Incidence of Delinquent Behavior: 1976–1980, Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute. Elliott, D.S., Huizinga, D. & Ageton, S.S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Felner, R. D., Brand, S., Erwin Mullhall, K., Counter, B., Millman, J. B. & Fried, J. (1994). The parenting partnership: The evaluation of a human service/corporate workplace collaboration for the prevention of substance abuse and mental health problems and the promotion of family and work adjustment. Journal of Primary Prevention 15(2), 123–146. Fleischman, M.J. (1981). A replication of Patterson's “Intervention for boys with conduct problems.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(3), 342–351. Fletcher, A.C., Darling, N.E., & Steinberg, L., (1995). Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use. In J. McCord, Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 259–271). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Forehand, R., & Kotchick, B.A. (1996). Cultural diversity: A wake-up call for parent training. Behavior Therapy, 27, 187–206. Forehand, R., & Long, N. (1988). Outpatient treatment of the acting out child: Procedures, long term followup data, and clinical problems. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 10, 129–177. Forgatch, M.S., & DeGarmo, D.S. (1999). Parenting through change: An effective prevention program for single mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(5), 711–724. Fortgatch, M.S., & Patterson, G.R., (1989). Parents and adolescents living together: Family Problem Solving (Vol. II). Eugene, OR: Castalia. Gillmore, M.R., Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F., Jr., Day, L.E., Moore, M. & Abbot, R. (1991) Structure of problem behaviors in preadolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 499–506. Gordon, D.A., Arbuthnot, J., Gustafson, K.E., & McGreen, P. (1988). Home-based behavioral-system family therapy with disadvantaged juvenile delinquents. American Journal of Family Therapy, 5(3), 361–371. Gottman, J.M. (1986). The world of coodinated play: Same and cross sex friendship in young children. In J.M. Gottman & J.G. Parker (Eds.), The conversations of friends: Speculations on affective development (pp. 139–191). New York: Cambridge University Press. Graham, J.W., Collins, L.M., Wugalter, S.E., Chung, N.K., & Hansen, W.B. (1991). Modeling transitions in latent stage-sequential processes: A substance use prevention example. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 48–57. Grover, P.L. (1998). Preventing substance abuse among children and adolescents: Family-centered approaches. Washington, D.C.: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Guerney, L.F., & Wolfgang, G. (1981). Long-range evaluation of effects on foster parents of a foster parent skills training program. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10(1), 33–37. Haapala, D.A., & Kinney, J.M. (1988). Avoiding out-of-Home placement of high-risk status offenders through the use of intensive home-based family preservation services. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 15(3), 334–348. Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105. Hawkins, J.D., & Weis, J.G. (1985). The social developmental model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 73–97. Heffer, R.W., & Kelley, M.L. (1987). Mothers' acceptance of behavioral interventions: The influence of parent race and income. Behavior Therapy, 18, 153–163. Henggeler, S.W., Melton, G.B., & Smith, L.A. (1992). Family preservation using multisystemic therapy: An effective alternative to incarcerating serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(6), 953–961. Henggeler, S.W., Melton, G.B., Smith, L.A., Schoenwald, S.K., & Hanley, J.H. (1993). Family preservation using multisystemic treatment: Long-term followup to a clinical trial with serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2(4), 283–293. Henggeler, S.W., Rodick, J.D., Borduin, C.M., Hanson, C.L., Watson, S.M., & Urey, J.R. (1986). Multisystemic treatment of juvenile offenders: Effects on adolescent behavior and family interactioin. Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 132–141. Herrenkohl, I.T., Maguin, E, Hill, K.G., Hawkins, J.D., Abbott, R.D. & Catalano, R.F. (1998). Developmental predictors of violence in late adolescence. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington. Heyl, J. M., MacPhee, D., Fritz, J. (1998). D.A.R.E. to be you: A family-support, early intervention program. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(3), 257–285. Horn, W.F., Ialongo, N.S., Pascoe, J.M., Greenber, G., Packard, T., Lopez, M., Wagner, A, & Puttler, L. (1991). Addictive effects of psychostimulants, parent training, and self-control therapy with ADHD children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(22), 233–240. Hostetler, M., Fisher, K. (1997). Project C.A.R.E. Substance abuse prevention program for high-risk youth: A longitudinal Evaluation of program effectiveness. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(5), 397–419. Hughes, R.C., & Wilson, P.H. (1988). Behavioral parent training: Contingency management versus communication skills training with or without the participation of the child. Child and Family Behavioral Therapy, 10(4), 11–23. Hundley, J.D., & Mercer, G.W. (1987). Family and friends as social environments and their relationship to young adolescents' use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 125–134. Jessor, R, Jessor, S.L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press. Johnston, L, O'Malley, P. & Bachman, J. (1987). National trends in drug use related factors among American high school students and young adults. 1975–1986 (DHHS Publication No. ADM87–1535). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Johnston, L., O'Malley, P., & Bachman, J. (1996). National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIH Publication #96–4139, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Kandel, D.B. & Andrews, K. (1987). Processes of adolescent socialization by parents and peers. International Journal of the Addictions, 22, 319–342. Kandel, D.B., & Wu, P. (1995) Disentangling mother-child effects in the development of antisocial behavior. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives. (pp. 106–123). New York: Cambridge University Press. Kandel, D.B., & Yamaguchi, K. (1993). From beer to crack: Developmental patterns of drug involvement. American Journal Of Public Health, 83, 851–855. Kazdin, A.E., (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 187–203. Kazdin, A.E. (1989). Developmental difficulties in depression. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 193–219. New York: Plenum Press. Kazdin, A.E., Siegel, T.C., & Bass, D. (1992). Cognitive problem-solving skills training and parent management training in the treatment of antisocial behavior in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 733–747. Kazdin, A.E., & Weisz, J.R. (1998). Identifying and developing empirically-supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 19–36. Kelley, M.L., Power, T.G., & Wimbush, D.D. (1992). Determinants of disciplinary practices in low-income Black mothers. Child Development, 63, 573–582. Knapp, P. A., & Deluty, R. H. (1989). Relative effectiveness of two behavioral parent training programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 18, 314–322. Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (1996). Preparing for drug free years: Session-specific effects of a universal parent training intervention with rural families. Unpublished manuscript. Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Haggerty, K. P., Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (1997). Preparing for drug free years: Effects on videotaped family interactions. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(4), 337–352. Kumpfer, K. L., & DeMarsh, J.P. (1987). Prevention services for children of substance-abusing parents. Unpublished manuscript, Social Research Institute, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Utah. Kumpfer, K. L., Turner, C. W., & Palmer, S. (1991). YCOSA Black parenting project: Third and fourth year evaluation report. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Health Education, University of Utah. Lamborn, S.D., Mounts, N.S., Steinberg, L. & Dornbusch, S.M. (1983). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoriarian, indulgent and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049–1065. Lochman, J.E. (1985). Effects of different treatment lengths in cognitive behavioral interventions with aggressive boys. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 16, 45–56. Lochman, J.E. (1990). Modification of childhood aggression. In M. Hersen, R.M. Eisler, & P.M. Miller (Eds.) Progress in behavior modification: Volume 23 (pp. 47–85). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Lochman, J.E. (1992). Cognitive-behavioral intervention with aggressive boys: Three year follow-up and preventive effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 426–432. Lochman, J.E. (2000). Parenting and family skills training in targeted prevention programs for at-risk youth. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 21, 253–265. Lochman, J.E. (in pressb). Preventive intervention with precursors to substance use. In W.J. Bukoski & Z. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of drug abuse: Theory, science and practice. New York: Plenum. Lochman, J.E. & Wayland, K.K. (1994). Longitudinal prediction of negative adolescent outcomes using peer ratings of aggressive and social acceptance. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1026–1035. Lochman, J.E., Whidby, J.M., & FitzGerald, D.P. (2000). Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment and Treatment with Aggressive Children. In P.C. Kendall (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures, Second Edition (pp. 31–87). New York: Guilford. Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1–42. Loveland-Cherry, C.J., Thompson Ross, L, & Kaufman, S.R. (1999). Effects of a home-based family intervention on adolescent alcohol use and misuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, supplement March, 13, 94–102. Lutzker, J.R., & Rice, J.M. (1987). Using Recidivism data to evaluate Project 12-Ways: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Family and Violence, 2(4), 283–290. Lutzker, J.R., Wesch, D., & Rice, J.M. (1984). A review of Project 12-Ways: An ecobehavioral approach to the treatment and prevention of child abuse and neglect. Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 63–73. Mann, B.J., Borduin, C.M., Henggeler, S.W., & Blaske, D.M. (1990). An investigation of systemic conceptualization of parent-child coalitions and symptom change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 336–344. Mason, C.A., Cauce, A.M., Gonzales, N., & Hiraga, Y. (1996). Neither too sweet nor too sour: Problem peers, maternal control, and problem behavior in African American adolescents. Child Development, 67, 2115–2130. Maughan, B, Pickles, A. & Quinton, D. (1995). Parental hostility, childhood behavior, and adult social functioning. In J. McCord (Eds.) Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives. (pp. 34–58). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. McMahon, R.J., Forehand, R., & Griest, D.L. (1981). Effects of knowledge of social learning principles on enhancing treatment outcome and generalization in a parent training program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 526–532. McPherson, S.J., McDonald, L.F., & Ryer, C.W. (1983). Intensive counseling with families of juvenile offenders. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 34, 27–33. Moffitt, T.E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A development taxonomy. Psychology Review, 100, 674–701. Mrazek, P., & Haggerty, R. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Myers, H. F., Alvy, K. T., Richardson, M., Arrington, A., Marigna, M., Huff, R., Main, M., & Newcomb, M. The Effective Black Parenting Program: A control research study with inner-city Black families. Unpublished manuscript, Center for improvement of Child Caring, Studio City, CA. Norem-Hebeisen, A. Johnson, D.W., Anderson, D., & Johnson, R. (1984). Predictors and concomitants of changes in drug use patterns among teenagers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 124, 43–50. Nye, C. L., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H.E. (1999). Early family-based intervention in the path to alcohol problems: Rationale and relationship between treatment process characteristics and child and parenting outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement, march No. 13, 10–21. Oetting, E.R., & Beauvais, F. (1990). Adolescent drug use: Findings of national and local surveys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 385–394. Ollendick, T.H., Weist, M.D., Borden, M.D. & Greene, R.W. (1992). Sociometric status and academic, behavioral, and psychological adjustment: A five year longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 80–87. Patterson, G.R. (1974). Retraining of aggressive boys by their parents: Review of the literature and followup evaluation. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 19, 142–161. Patterson, G.R. (1975). Multiple evaluations of a parent-training program. In T. Thompson (Ed.), Applications of behavior Modification (pp. 299–322). New York: Academic Press. Patterson, G.R., (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia. Patterson, G.R. & Bank, C. L., (1989). Some amplifying mechanisms for pathological processes in families. In: M.R. Gunnary & E. Thelen, (Eds.) Systems and development: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 22, (pp. 167–209). Hillsdale, N.J., Erlbaum. Patterson, G.R. (1986). Performance models for antisocial boys. American Psychologist, 41, 432–444. Patterson, G.R., Capaldi, D.M., & Bank, C.L. (1991). An early-starter model for predicting delinquency. In D.J. Pepler & K.H. Rubin (Eds.). The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 139–168). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Patterson, G.R., & Fortgatch, M.S. (1987). Parents and adolescents living together: The Basics (Vol. I). Eugene, OR: Castalia. Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L. (1996). Project Norhtland: Outcomes of a community wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 956–965. Pettit, G.S., Harris, A.W., Bates, J.E., & Dodge, K.A. (1991). Family interaction, social cognition, and children's subsequent relations with peers at kindergarten. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 383–401. Pilgrim, C., Abbey, A., Hendrickson, P., Lorenz, S. (1998). Implementation and impact of a family-based substance abuse prevention program in rural communities. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(3), 341–362. Redmond, C., Spoth, R., Shin, C., Lepper, H. (1999). Modeling long-term parent outcomes of two universal family focused preventive interventions: One-year follow-up results. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67(6, 975–984. Reid, J.B., (1993). Prevention of conduct disorder before and after school entry: Relating interventions to development findings. Journal of Development and Psychopathology, 5, 243–262. Reid, J.B., Eddy, J.M. (1997). The prevention of antisocial behavior: Some considerations in the search for effective interventions. In D.M. Stoff, J. Breiling, & J.D. Maser (Eds.), The handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 343–356). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Reid, J. B., Eddy, J. M., Fetrow, R. A., Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Decription and immediate impacts of a preventive intervention for conduct problems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27(4), 483–517. Robins, L.N. (1979). Follow-up studies. In H.C. Quay & J.S. Werry, (Eds.), Psychopathological disorders of childhood, second edition. New York: Wiley. Rogers, T.R., Forehand, R., Griest, D.L., Wells, K.C., & McMahon, R.J. (1981). Socioeconomic status: Effects on parent and child behaviors and treatment outcome of parent training. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10(2), 98–101. Santisteban, D.A., Coatsworth, J.D., Perez-Vidal, A., Mitrani, V., Jean-Gilles, M., & Szapocznik, J. (1997). Brief structural/strategic family therapy with African American and Hispanic high risk youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 25(5), 453–471. Santisteban, D.A., Szapocznik, J. & Kurtines, M.W., (1994). Behavioral problems among Hispanic youth: The family as moderator of adjustment. In J. Szapocznik (Ed.), A Hispanic/Latino family approach to substance abuse prevention (pp. 19–39). Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Santisteban, D.A., Szapocznik. J., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W.M., Murray, E.J., & LaPerriere, A. (1996). Efficacy of interventions for engaging youth/families into treatment and some variables that may contribute to differential effectiveness. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(1), 35–44. Simcha-Fagan, O, Gersten, J.C., & Langer, T. (1986). Early precursors and concurrent correlates of illicit drug use in adolescents. Journal of Drug Issues, 16, 7–28. Singer, J.L., & Singer, D.G. (1983). Implications of childhood television viewing for cognition, imagination and emotion. In J. Bryant & D.R. Anderson (Eds.), Children's understanding of television (pp. 265–298). New York: Academic Press. Snyder, J, Dishion, T.J., & Patterson, G.R. (1986). Determinants and consequences of associating with deviant peers during preadolescence and adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 6, 29–43. Spoth, R. (1999). Family focused preventive intervention research: A pragmatic perspective on issues and future directions. In R. Ashery (Ed.), Prevention through family interventions (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] Research Monograph). Rockville, MD: NIDA. Spoth, R., & Redmond, C. (1996). A theory-based parent competency model of protective parenting process incorporating intervention attendance effects. Family Relations, 45, 139–147. Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Haggerty, K., & Ward, T. (1995). A controlled parenting skills outcome study examining individual difference and attendance effects. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 449–464. Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Hockaday, C., & Youu, S. (1997). Protective factors and young adolescent tendency to abstain from alcohol use: A model using two waves of intervention study data. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(6), 749–770. Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Lepper, H. (1999). Alcohol initiation outcomes of universal family-focused preventive interventions: One-and Two-year follow-ups of a controlled study. Journal of studies on alcohol, march Supplement 13, 103–111. Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C. (1998). Direct and indirect latent-variable parenting outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: Extending a public health oriented research base. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66(2, 385–399. Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C., & Huck, S. (in press). A protective process model of parent child affective qualilty and child mastery effects on oppositional behaviors: A test and replication. Journal of School Psychology. Spoth, R., Reyes, M. L., & Redmond, C. (1997). Assessing a public health approach to delay onset and progression of adolescent substance use: Latent transition analysis of longitudinal family preventive intervention outcomes. Unpublished manuscript. Spoth, R., Reyes, M. L., Redmond, C., Shin, C. (1999). Assessing a public health approach to delay onset and progression of adolescent substance use: Latent transition and log-linear analyses of longitudinal family preventive intervention outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67(5, 619–630. Spoth, R., Yoo, S., Kahn, J. H., & Redmond, C. (1996). A model of the effects of protective parent and peer factofs on young adolescent alcohol refusal skills. Journal of Primary Prevention, 16(4), 373–394. Springer, J.F., Phillips, L., Cannady, L.P., & Kerst-Harris, E. (1992). CODA: A creative therapy program for children in families affected by abuse of alcohol or other drugs [OSAP special issue]. Journal of Community Psychology, 55–74. Steinberg, L, (1987). Single parents, stepparents, and the susceptibility of adolescents to antisocial peer pressure. Child Development, 58, 269–275. Stevenson, J.F., McMillan, B., Mitchell, R. E., & Blanco, M. (1998). Project HOPE: Altering risk and protective factors among high risk Hispanic youth and their families. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(3), 287–318. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2000). 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. Szapocznik, J., Murray, E., Scopetta, M., Hervis, O., Rio, A., Cohen, R., Rivas-Vasquez, A., Posada, V., & Kurtines, W. (1989). Structural family versus psychodynamic child therapy for problematic Hispanic boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(5), 571–578. Szapocznik, J., Santisteban, D., Rio, A., Perez-Vidal, A., & Kurtines, W.M. (1989). Family effectiveness training: An intervention to prevent drug abuse and problem behaviors in Hispanic Adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 11(1), 4–27. Tarter, R.E., Alterman, A.I., & Edwards, K.L. (1985). Vulnerability of alcoholism in men: A behavior genetic perspective. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 46, 329–356. Thompson, R. W., Grow, C. R., Ruma, P.R., Daly, D. L., & Burke, R.V. (1993). Parent education: Evaluation of a practical parenting program with middle-and low-income families. Family Relations, 42(1), 21–25. Tremblay, R.E., McCord, J., Boileau, H., Charlebois, P., Gagnon, C., Le Blanc, M., & Larivee, S. (1991). Can disruptive boys be helped to become competent? Psychiatry, 54, 148–161. Tremblay, R.E., Pagani-Kurtz, L., Masse, L.C., Vitaro., F., & Phil, R.O. (1995). A bimodal preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten boys: Its impact through mid-adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 560–568. Wahler, R.G., Cartor, P.G., Fleischman, J., & Lambert, W. (1993). The impact of synthesis teaching and parent training with mothers of conduct-disordered children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21(4), 425–440. Wahler, R.G. & Graves, M.G. (1983). Setting events in social networks: Ally or enemy in child behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 14, 19–36. Walton, E., Fraser, M.W., Lewis, R.E., Pecora, P.J., & Walton, W.K. (1993). In-Home family-focused reunification: An experimental study. Child Welfare, 72(5), 473–487. Webster-Stratton, C. (1990a). Enhancing the effectiveness of self-administered videotape parent training for families with conduct-problem children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(5), 479–492. Webster-Stratton, C. (1990b). Long-term follow-up of families with young conduct-problem children: From preschool to grade school. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 1344–1349. Webster Stratton, C. (1994). Advancing videotape parent training: A comparison study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 583–593. Webster-Stratton C., & Hammond, M. (1997). Treating children with early onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(1), 93–109. Webster-Stratton, C., Kolpacoff, M., & Hollinsworth, T. (1988). Self-administered videotape therapy for families with conduct-problem children: Comparison with two cost-effective treatments and a control group. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 558–566. Weiss, B, Dodge, K, Bates, J.F., & Pettit, G.S. (1992) Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and a maladaptive social information processing style. Child Development, 63, 1321–1335. Whaley, A.L. (2000). Sociocultural differences in the developmental consequences of the use of physical discipline during childhood for African Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 5–12. Williams, C.L, Toomey, TL., McGovern, P., Wagenaar, A.C., & Perry, C.L. (1995). Development, reliability, and validity of self-report alcohol use measures with young adolescents. Journal of Child Adolescence Substance Abuse 4(3): 17–40. Wills, T.A. & Filer, M. (1996). Stress-coping model of adolescent substance use. In T.H. Ollendick & R.J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, Volume 18, (pp. 91–132). New York, Plenum. Wills, T.A., McNamara, G, Vaccaro, D, & Hirkey, A.E. (1996). Escalated substance use:A longitudinal grouping analysis from early to middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 105, 166–180. Wochik, S. A., West, S. G., Westover, S., Sandler, I. N., Martin, A., Lustig, J., Tein, J. Y., & Fisher, J. (1993). The children of divorce parenting interventions: Outcome evaluation of an empirically based program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 293–330. Wooten, J.M., Frick, P.J., Shelton, K.K., & Silverthorn, P. (1997). Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: The moderating role of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 301–308.