Carpanez, 2018
Schapals, 2018, Fake news: Australian and british journalists’ role perceptions in an era of alternative facts, J. Pract., 12, 976
Lazer, 2018, The science of fake news: Addressing fake news requires a multidisciplinary effort, Science, 359, 1094, 10.1126/science.aao2998
Tandoc, 2018, Defining fake news: A typology of scholarly definitions, Digit. J., 6, 137
WHO, 2020
Tandoc, 2019, The facts of fake news: A research review, Sociol. Compass, 13, 10.1111/soc4.12724
Tambuscio, 2018, Network segregation in a model of misinformation and fact-checking, J. Comput. Soc. Sci., 1, 261, 10.1007/s42001-018-0018-9
Dobbs, 2012
Walter, 2019, News frame analysis: An inductive mixed-method computational approach, Commun. Methods Meas., 13, 248, 10.1080/19312458.2019.1639145
Flew, 2020, Populism, globalisation and social media, Int. Commun. Gazette, 82, 7, 10.1177/1748048519880721
I. Goovaerts, S. Marien, Uncivil communication and simplistic argumentation: Decreasing political trust, increasing persuasive power? Political Commun. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1753868. URL https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=upcp20.
Walter, 2020, Fact-checking: A meta-analysis of what works and for whom, Political Commun., 37, 350, 10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894
Tandoc, 2020
Bakir, 2018, Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions, Digit. J., 6, 154
Braun, 2019, Fake news, real money: Ad tech platforms, profit-driven hoaxes, and the business of journalism, Digit. J., 1
Graves, 2018
Allcott, 2019, Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media, Res. Politics, 6, 10.1177/2053168019848554
Prasetya, 2020, A model of opinion and propagation structure polarization in social media, Comput. Soc. Netw., 7, 1, 10.1186/s40649-019-0076-z
Nyhan, 2010, When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions, Political Behav., 32, 303, 10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
T. Wood, E. Porter, The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes’ steadfast factual adherence, Political Behav. 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y.
Ecker, 2020, The effectiveness of short-format refutational fact-checks, Br. J. Psychol., 111, 36, 10.1111/bjop.12383
Ciampaglia, 2018, Fighting fake news: a role for computational social science in the fight against digital misinformation, J. Comput. Soc. Sci., 1, 147, 10.1007/s42001-017-0005-6
Graves, 2018, Boundaries Not Drawn: Mapping the institutional roots of the global fact-checking movement, J. Stud., 19, 613
Shao, 2016, Hoaxy, 745
Coddington, 2014, Fact checking the campaign: How political reporters use Twitter to set the record straight (or not), Int. J. Press/Politics, 19, 391, 10.1177/1940161214540942
Vosoughi, 2018, The spread of true and false news online, Science, 359, 1146, 10.1126/science.aap9559
Vargo, 2018, The agenda-setting power of fake news: A big data analysis of the online media landscape from 2014 to 2016, New Media Soc., 20, 2028, 10.1177/1461444817712086
Paumgartten, 2020, Drug repurposing clinical trials in the search for life-saving COVID-19 therapies; research targets and methodological and ethical issues, Vigil. Sanit. Debate, 8, 39, 10.22239/2317-269x.01596
Miller, 2015, Red and blue states of mind: Partisan hostility and voting in the United States, Political Res. Quart., 68, 225, 10.1177/1065912915577208
Boyd, 2012, Ritical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon, Inf. Commun. Soc., 15, 662, 10.1080/1369118X.2012.678878
Stieglitz, 2014, Social media analytics, Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng., 6, 101, 10.1007/s12599-014-0315-7
R. Recuero, TEORIA DAS REDES E REDES SOCIAIS NA INTERNET: Considerações sobre o Orkut, os Weblogs e os Fotologs, in: IV Encontro dos Núcleos de Pesquisa da XXVII INTERCOM, Porto Alegre, 2004.
González-Bailón, 2016, Networked discontent: The anatomy of protest campaigns in social media, Social Networks, 44, 95, 10.1016/j.socnet.2015.07.003
Pang, 2009, Opinion mining and sentiment analysis, Comput. Linguist., 35, 311
Aston, 2014, Twitter sentiment in data streams with perceptron, J. Comput. Commun., 02, 11, 10.4236/jcc.2014.23002
Seron, 2015, #worldcup2014 on twitter, 447
Oliveira, 2016, Sentiment and behavior analysis of one controversial american individual on twitter, 509
Davidov, 2010
Bruns, 2020
Gruzd, 2020, Going viral: How a single tweet spawned a COVID-19 conspiracy theory on Twitter, Big Data Soc., 7, 10.1177/2053951720938405
Karami, 2020, Twitter and research: A systematic literature review through text mining, IEEE Access, 8, 67698, 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2983656
Lu, 2012, Numerical studies of green water impact on fixed and moving bodies, Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng., 22, 10
Keller, 2020, News media coverage of climate change in India 1997–2016: Using automated content analysis to assess themes and topics, Environ. Commun., 14, 219, 10.1080/17524032.2019.1643383
Zhao, 2011, Comparing twitter and traditional media using topic models, vol. 6611, 338
Hong, 2010, Empirical study of topic modeling in Twitter, 80
Dixit, 2018, Classification of tweets into various categories using classification methods, Int. J. Adv. Res. Ideas Innov. Technol., 4, 937
Alvarez-Melis, 2016
de Souza, 2020
Chatterjee, 2016, Twitter truths: Authenticating analysis of information credibility, 2352
Vohra, 2018, Detection of rumor in social media, 485
Liu, 2019, A big data approach to examining social bots on Twitter, J. Serv. Mark., 33, 369, 10.1108/JSM-02-2018-0049
Zhang, 2016, A distance-based outlier detection method for rumor detection exploiting user behaviorial differences, 1
Wu, 2018
M. Tambuscio, G. Ruffo, Fact-checking strategies to limit urban legends spreading in a segregated society, Appl. Netw. Sci. 4 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41109-019-0233-1.
Školkay, 2019, A comparison of fake news detecting and fact-checking AI based solutions, Stud. Medioznawcze, 20, 365, 10.33077/uw.24511617.ms.2019.4.187
Meyer, 2004, Impfgegner und impfskeptiker, Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 47, 1182, 10.1007/s00103-004-0953-x
Nguyen, 2020, Digital mis/disinformation and public engagment with health and science controversies: Fresh perspectives from Covid-19, Media Commun., 8, 323, 10.17645/mac.v8i2.3352
Vraga, 2020, Empowering users to respond to misinformation about covid-19, Media Commun., 8, 475, 10.17645/mac.v8i2.3200
Schipani, 2020
Friedman, 2020
Larson, 2020, Blocking information on COVID-19 can fuel the spread of misinformation, Nature, 580, 306, 10.1038/d41586-020-00920-w
2020
de S. Paulo, 2020
Batista, 2020
J.L. Dourado, M.T. Alencar, Agência Lupa: fact-checking como modelo de negócio na Internet AGÊNCIA LUPA: FACT-CHECKING AS A BUSINESS MODEL ON THE INTERNET, Commun. Inovação 21 (46) http://dx.doi.org/10.13037/ci.vol21n46.6388.
Moreno, 2019, Factck.br: A new dataset to study fake news, 525
IFCN, International Fact-Checking Network – Poynter. URL https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/.
Stencel, 2016
Blei, 2003
Scott, 1990, Indexing by latent semantic analysis, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci., 41, 391, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9
Martin, 2015
Lu, 2012, Trend analysis of news topics on Twitter, Int. J. Mach. Learn. Comput., 2, 327, 10.7763/IJMLC.2012.V2.139
Coviello, 2014
Rodrigues, 2014, Lemport: A high-accuracy cross-platform lemmatizer for portuguese, OpenAccess Ser. Inf., 38, 267
Vermeer, 2020, Toward a better understanding of news user journeys: A Markov chain approach, J. Stud., 21, 879
Tierney, 1991, 563
Geyer, 1992, Practical markov chain monte carlo, Statist. Sci., 7, 473, 10.1214/ss/1177011137
Yang, 2016, A comparative analysis of community detection algorithms on artificial networks, Sci. Rep., 6, 30750, 10.1038/srep30750
Lovari, 2020, Spreading (dis)trust: Covid-19 misinformation and government intervention in Italy, Media Commun., 8, 458, 10.17645/mac.v8i2.3219
Nguyen, 2020, Covid-19 misinformation and the social (media) amplification of risk: A Vietnamese perspective, Media Commun., 8, 444, 10.17645/mac.v8i2.3227
2020
Pennycook, 2018, Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news, J. Exp. Psychol. [Gen.], 147, 1865, 10.1037/xge0000465
Phillips, 2020
p. S. Chan, 2017, Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation, Psychol. Sci., 28, 1531, 10.1177/0956797617714579