Faculty Perceptions of Grades: Results from a National Survey of Economics Faculty * *We thank David Ring and Jaime McGovern for comments on earlier versions of the survey; seminar participants at Washington and Lee University, SUNY Oneonta and UNC-Wilmington, and conference participants at the ASSA meetings in San Francisco (2009) for comments on preliminary results; Diana Moseman for her assistance with administration of the mailing and survey; and several student assistants at Oneonta and VMI for assistance in collecting email addresses. We also thank the hundreds of colleagues who completed the survey. We gratefully acknowledge funding for data collection from SUNY College at Oneonta and VMI.

Allgood, 2004, What Students Remember and Say about College Economics Years Later, American Economic Review., 94, 259, 10.1257/0002828041301731 Ames, 1991, Motivation and Effective Teaching Anderman, 1998 AEA CSWEP, 2008, Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession, American Economic Review, 98, 611, 10.1257/aer.98.2.611 Baird, 1985, Do grades and tests predict adult achievement?, Research in Higher Education, 23, 3, 10.1007/BF00974070 Becker, 1996, Chalk and Talk: A National Survey on Teaching Undergraduate Economics, American Economic Review, 86, 448 Becker, 2001, Teaching Economics at the Start of the 21st Century: Still Chalk and Talk, American Economic Review, 91, 446, 10.1257/aer.91.2.446 Becker, 2001, Teaching Methods in U.S. Undergraduate Courses, Journal of Economic Education, 32, 269 Betts, 2003, The Impact of Grading Standards on Student Achievement, Educational Attainment, and Entry-Level Earnings, Economics of Education Review., 22, 343, 10.1016/S0272-7757(02)00059-6 Bose, 2001, Nonresponse Bias Analyses At The National Center For Education Statistics Butler, 1987, Task-Involving and Ego-Involving Properties of Evaluation: Effects of Different Feedback Conditions on Motivational Perceptions, Interest, and Performance, Journal of Education Psychology, 79, 474, 10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.474 Cherry, 2005, Does Rank-Order Grading Improve Student Performance? Evidence from a Classroom Experiment, International Review of Economics Education., 4, 9, 10.1016/S1477-3880(15)30140-7 Cohen, 1984, College grades and adult achievement: A research synthesis, Research in Higher Education, 20, 281, 10.1007/BF00983503 Davidson, 1997, Affirmative Action and Other Special Consideration Admissions at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association., 278, 1153, 10.1001/jama.1997.03550140045038 Deci, 1999, A Meta-analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation, Psychological Bulletin., 125, 627, 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627 Dickie, 2006, Experimenting: Does It Increase Learning in Introductory Microeconomics?, Journal of Economic Education., 37, 267, 10.3200/JECE.37.3.267-288 Eison, 1993, Assessing Faculty Orientations Towards Grades and Learning: Some Initial Results, Psychological Reports, 73, 643, 10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.643 Falk, 2006, The Hidden Costs of Control, American Economic Review., 96, 1611, 10.1257/aer.96.5.1611 Frey, 1998 Grolnick, 1987, Autonomy in Children’s Learning An Experimental and Individual Difference Investigation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology., 52, 890, 10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.890 Grove, 2006, Incentives and Student Learning: A Natural Experiment with Economics Problem Sets, American Economic Review., 96, 447, 10.1257/000282806777212224 Hahn, 1989, Grading Classroom Oral Activities: Effects on Motivation and Proficiency, Foreign Language Annals, 22, 241, 10.1111/j.1944-9720.1989.tb02743.x Harackiewicz, 2000, Short-term and long-term consequences of achievement goals: Predicting interest and performance over time, Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 316, 10.1037/0022-0663.92.2.316 Harter, 1978, Pleasure Derived from Challenge and the Effects of Receiving Grades on Children’s Difficulty Level Choices, Child Development, 49, 788, 10.2307/1128249 Henderlong, 2002, The Effects of Praise on Children’s Intrinsic Motivation: A Review and Synthesis, Psychological Bulletin., 128, 774, 10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.774 Janzow, 1990, Grades: Their Influence on Students and Faculty, New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 42, 93, 10.1002/tl.37219904210 Kamath, 2007, Academic and personal characteristics of economics faculty in U.S. colleges and universities, International Journal of Business Research, 7, 29 Karabenick, 2004, Perceived Achievement Goal Structure and College Student Help Seeking, Journal of Educational Psychology., 96, 569, 10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.569 Kirschenbaum, 1971 Linnenbrink, 2005, The Dilemma of Performance-Approach Goals: The Use of Multiple Goal Contexts to Promote Students’ Motivation and Learning, Journal of Educational Psychology., 97, 197, 10.1037/0022-0663.97.2.197 Meece, 2006, Classroom Goal Structure, Student Motivations, and Academic Achievement, Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 487, 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070258 Milton, 1986 Moeller, 1993, A Second Look at Grading and Classroom Performance: Report of a Research Study, The Modern Language Journal., 77, 163, 10.1111/j.1540-4781.1993.tb01960.x Murdock, 2002, Intrinsic motivation and optimal incentive contracts, RAND Journal of Economics., 33, 650, 10.2307/3087479 Oppenheim, 1966 Pekrun, 2006, Achievement Goals and Discrete Achievement Emotions: A Theoretical Model and Prospective Test, Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 583, 10.1037/0022-0663.98.3.583 Pollio, 2000, When the Tail Wags the Dog: Perceptions of Learning and Grade Orientation in, and by, Contemporary College Students and Faculty, The Journal of Higher Education., 71, 84, 10.2307/2649283 Schaur, 2008, Assessment practices and Trends in Undergraduate Economics Courses, American Economic Review., 98, 552, 10.1257/aer.98.2.552 Senko, 2005, Regulation of Achievement Goals: The Role of Competence Feedback, Journal of Educational Psychology., 97, 320, 10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.320 Skinner, 1976 Thompson, 1994, Self-worth protection: Review and implications for the classroom, Educational Review., 46, 259, 10.1080/0013191940460304 Thompson, 2005, Is the Poor Performance of Self-Worth Protective Students Linked with Social Comparison Goals?, Educational Psychology., 25, 471, 10.1080/01443410500045558 Urdan, 1998, ‘The Role of Classroom Goal Structure in Students’ Use of Self-Handicapping Strategies, American Educational Research Journal., 35, 101, 10.3102/00028312035001101 Walstad, 2006, Assessment of Student Learning in Economics