Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments

Federal Highway Administration. Building more durable bridges. Washington DC: FOCUS Federal Highway Administration; September, 2001. p. 6.

BRE Centre for Concrete Construction. Guide to the maintenance, repair and monitoring of reinforced concrete structures. DME report No. 4. Watford, UK; 2001.

Page, 1975, Mechanism of corrosion protection in reinforced concrete marine structure, Nature, 256, 514, 10.1038/258514a0

Page, 1982, Aspects of the electrochemistry of steel in concrete, Nature, 297, 109, 10.1038/297109a0

Gjørv OE, Vennesland Ø. Evaluation and control of steel corrosion in offshore structures. In: Scanlon JM, editor. Concrete durability. ACI SP 100; 1987. p. 1575–1602.

Berke NS, Sundberg KM. The effect of admixtures and concrete mix designs on long-term concrete durability in chloride environments. In: Corrosion-89, NACE conference. Texas, US; 1989. p. 386.

Kropp J. Chlorides in concrete. In: Kropp J, Hilsdorf HK, editors. Performance criteria for concrete durability, E&FN SPON; 1995. p. 138–64.

Keer JG. Surface treatments. In: Mays G, editor. Durability of concrete structures, E&FN SPON; 1992. p. 146–65.

Hooton, 2002, Effects of curing on chloride ingress and implications on service life, ACI Mater J, 99, 201

Funahashi, 1990, Predicting corrosion free service life of a concrete structure in a chloride environment, ACI Mater J, 87, 581

Clear KC. Time to corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete slab, vol. 3. Report No. FHWA-RD-76-70. Federal Highway Administration; 1986.

West, 1985, Chloride profiles in salty concrete, Mater Performance, 24, 29

Bamforth PB, Price WF. Factors influencing chloride ingress into marine structures. In: Dhir RK, Jones MR, editors. Concrete 2000; 1993. p. 1105–18.

Bentz, 1996, Chloride diffusion modelling for marine exposed concretes, 136

Buenfeld, 1997, Chloride transport due to wick action in concrete, 302

Crank, 1983

ACI Committee 365. Service-life prediction: state of the art report. Manual of concrete practice, Part 5. American Concrete Institute; 2000.

Andrade, 1997, Mathematical modelling of a concrete surface skin effect on diffusion in chloride contaminated media, Adv Cement Based Mater, 6, 36, 10.1016/S1065-7355(97)00002-3

Gjørv, 1979, Diffusion of chloride ions from seawater into concrete, Cement Concrete Res, 9, 229, 10.1016/0008-8846(79)90029-2

Uji, 1990, Formation of an equation for surface chloride content of concrete due to permeation of chloride, 258

Liam, 1992, Chloride ingress measurements and corrosion potential mapping study of a 24-year-old reinforced concrete jetty structure in a tropical marine environment, Mag Concrete Res, 44, 205, 10.1680/macr.1992.44.160.205

Kudoh K, Hirotani A, Moriwake A, Yasuda M. Study on durability of a repaired concrete structure in Tokyo bay. In: Malhotra VM, editor. Evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete structures and innovations in design. ACI 128, Hong Kong; 1991. p. 1293–307.

Morinaga S. Life prediction of reinforced concrete structures in hot and salt-laden environments. In: Walker MJ, editor. Concrete in hot climates, E&FN SPON; 1992. p. 155–64.

Mustafa, 1994, Atmospheric chloride penetration into concrete in semitropical marine environment, Cement Concrete Res, 24, 661, 10.1016/0008-8846(94)90190-2

Mohammed, 2002, Chloride diffusion, microstructure and mineralory of concrete after 15 years of exposure in tidal environment, ACI Mater, 99, 256

Troconis de Rincón, 2004, Chloride profiles in two marine structures – meaning and some predictions, Build Environ, 39, 1065, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.036

Oh, 2002, Development of high-performance concrete having high resistance to chloride penetration, Nucl Eng Des, 212, 221, 10.1016/S0029-5493(01)00484-8

Schiessl, 1996, Local repair measures at concrete structures damaged by reinforcement corrosion, 525

Hussain, 1994, Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concrete, ACI Mater J, 91, 264

Maruya T, Tangtermsirikul S, Matsuoka Y. Modeling of chloride ion movement in the surface layer of hardened concrete. Concrete Library of JSCE, No. 32; 1998. p. 69–84.

Dhir, 1996, Chloride binding in GGBS concrete, Cement Concrete Res, 26, 1767, 10.1016/S0008-8846(96)00180-9

Luo, 2003, Study of chloride binding and diffusion in GGBS concrete, Cement Concrete Res, 33, 1, 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00712-3

Bamforth, 1999, The derivation of input data for modeling chloride ingress from eight-years UK coastal exposure trials, Mag Concrete Res, 51, 87, 10.1680/macr.1999.51.2.87

Buenfeld, 1998, Effect of cement content on transport in concrete, Mag Concrete Res, 50, 339, 10.1680/macr.1998.50.4.339

Glass, 2000, The influence of chloride binding on the chloride induced corrosion risk in reinforced concrete, Corros Sci, 42, 329, 10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00083-9

TWRL. Marine durability survey of the Tongue Sand Tower. Concrete in the oceans. Technical Report No. 5. Cement and Concrete Association; 1980. p. 84–92.

Standard Specification for Durability of Concrete. Japan Society of Civil Engineers; 1999. p. 11–3.

Glass, 2001, Backscattered electron imaging of the steel-concrete interface, Corros Sci, 43, 605, 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00146-3

Ann KY, Song HW. Chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete. Corros Sci, in press.

Amey, 1998, Predicting the service life of concrete marine structures: an environmental methodology, ACI Struct J, 95, 205

Garboczi, 1993, Computational materials science of cement-based materials, Mater Struct, 26, 191, 10.1007/BF02472611

Winslow, 1994, Percolation and pore structure in mortars and concrete, Cement Concrete Res, 24, 25, 10.1016/0008-8846(94)90079-5

Ann KY. Enhancing the chloride threshold level for steel corrosion in concrete. PhD thesis. Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, University of London; 2005.

Meira, 2007, Chloride penetration into concrete structures in the marine atmospheric zone – relationship between deposition of chlorides on the wet candle and chlorides accumulated into concrete, Cement Concrete Compos, 29, 667, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.05.009