Factors for pre-conditioning and post-failure behaviour of submarine landslides in the margins of Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea)

Alves, 2015, Submarine slide blocks and associated soft-sediment deformation in deep-water basins: A review, Mar. Pet. Geol., 67, 262, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.05.010 Badhani, 2020, Integrated geophysical, sedimentological and geotechnical investigation of submarine landslides in the Gulf of Lions (Western Mediterranean), Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 500, 359, 10.1144/SP500-2019-175 Baeten, 2013, Morphology and origin of smaller-scale mass movements on the continental slope off northern Norway, Geomorphology, 187, 122, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.01.008 Baeten, 2014, Origin of shallow submarine mass movements and their glide planes—Sedimentological and geotechnical analyses from the continental slope off northern Norway, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 119, 2335, 10.1002/2013JF003068 Bahk, 2000, Origins and paleoceanographic significance of laminated muds from the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan), Mar. Geol., 162, 459, 10.1016/S0025-3227(99)00079-1 Bahk, 2013, Characterization of gas hydrate reservoirs by integration of core and log data in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Mar. Pet. Geol., 47, 1, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.05.007 Bahk, 2016, Paleoceanographic implications and cyclostratigraphy of variations in well-log data from the western slope of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Quat. Int., 392, 58, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.023 Bahk, 2021, Lateral sediment transport and late Quaternary changes of eolian sedimentation in the East Sea (Japan Sea), J. Asian Earth Sci., 208, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.104672 Bryant, 1981, Shear strength, consolidation, porosity, and permeability of oceanic sediments, 1555 Bryn, 2003, The Storegga Slide complex; repeated large scale sliding in response to climatic cyclicity, 215 Bull, 2009, A subsurface evacuation model for submarine slope failure, Basin Res., 21, 433, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00390.x Casalbore, 2016, Coastal and submarine landslides in the tectonically-active Tyrrhenian Calabrian margin (Southern Italy): Examples and geohazard implications, 37, 261, 10.1007/978-3-319-00972-8_23 Chopra, 2006, Seismic resolution and thin-bed reflectivity inversion, CSEG Recorder, 1, 19 Chough, 1987, Stability of sediments on the Ulleung basin slope, Mar. Geotechnol., 17, 123, 10.1080/10641198709388211 Chough, 2000, 313 Cukur, 2016, Geophysical evidence and inferred triggering factors of submarine landslides on the western continental margin of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea. Geo. Mar. Lett., 36, 425, 10.1007/s00367-016-0463-5 Cukur, 2018, A multi-factor approach for process-based seabed characterization: example from the northeastern continental margin of the Korean peninsula (East Sea), Geo-Mar. Lett., 38, 323, 10.1007/s00367-018-0537-7 Cukur, 2020, Factors leading to slope failure on a sediment-starved margin: The southwestern continental margin of the East Sea, Korea, Mar. Geol., 428, 1 Dan, 2007, The 1979 nice harbour catastrophe revisited: Trigger mechanism inferred 969 from geotechnical measurements and numerical modelling, Mar. Geol., 245, 40, 10.1016/j.margeo.2007.06.011 De Blasio, 2004, Flow Models of natural debris flows originating from over consolidated clay materials, Mar. Geol., 213, 439, 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.018 De Blasio, 2006, Understanding the high mobility of subaqueous debris flows, Nor. J. Geol., 86, 275 De Boer, 2010, Cenozoic global ice volume and temperature simulations over the past 40 million year, Pangaea Elverhøi, 2000, On the dynamics of subaqueous debris flows, Oceanography, 13, 109, 10.5670/oceanog.2000.20 Gatter, 2020, A multi-disciplinary investigation of the AFEN Slide: the relationship between contourites and submarine landslides, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 10.1144/SP500-2019-184 Gross, 2018, Free gas distribution and basal shear zone development in a subaqueous landslide—insight from 3D seismic imaging of the Tuaheni Landslide Complex, New Zealand, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 502, 231, 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.09.002 Hampton, 1996, Submarine landslides, Rev. Geophys., 34, 33, 10.1029/95RG03287 Hansen, 2013, Climate sensitivity, sea level, and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A., 371, 20120294, 10.1098/rsta.2012.0294 Harders, 2010, Tephra layers: a controlling factor on submarine translational sliding?, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, 10.1029/2010GC003238 Horozal, 2015, Core and sediment physical property correlation of the second Ulleung Basin Gas Hydrate Drilling Expedition (UBGH2) results in the East Sea (Japan Sea), Mar. Pet. Geol., 59, 535, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.09.019 Horozal, 2016, Late Neogene-Quaternary submarine mass wasting along the margins of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea: geomorphologic controls and geohazard potential, Quat. Int., 392, 69, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.056 Horozal, 2017, Mapping gas hydrate and fluid flow indicators and modeling gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in the Ulleung Basin, East (Japan) Sea: potential linkage between the occurrence of mass failures and gas hydrate dissociation, Mar. Pet. Geol., 80, 171, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.12.001 Horozal, 2018, Mass-wasting processes along the margins of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea: insights from multichannel seismic reflection and multibeam echosounder data, 477, 107 Irino, 2002, High-resolution reconstruction of variation in Aeolian dust (Kosa) deposition at ODP site 797, the Japan Sea, during the last 200 ka, Glob. Planet. Chang., 35, 143, 10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00135-2 Issler, 2005, Scaling behavior of clay-rich submarine debris flows, Mar. Pet. Geol., 22, 187, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.015 Jeong, 2010, Grain size dependent rheology on the mobility of debris flows, Geosci. J., 14, 359, 10.1007/s12303-010-0036-y Jeong, 2022, Rheological characteristics of marine sediments from the Ulleung Basin, East Sea to estimate the mobility of submarine landslides, Mar. Geophys. Res., 43, 16, 10.1007/s11001-022-09473-1 Khim, 2007, Late Pleistocene dark laminated mud layers from the Korea Plateau, western East Sea/Japan Sea, and their paleoceanographic implications, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 247, 74, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.029 Kido, 2007, Orbital-scale stratigraphy and high-resolution analysis of biogenic components and deepwater oxygenation conditions in the Japan Sea during the last 640 kyrs using XRF microscanner, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 247, 32, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.020 KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2007 KIGAM (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources), 2011 Krastel, 2018, Mass wasting along the NW African continental margin, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 477, 151, 10.1144/SP477.36 Kvalstad, 2005, The Storegga slide: evaluation of triggering sources and slide mechanics, Mar. Pet. Geol., 22, 245, 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.019 Kwon, 2009, Seismic stratigraphy of the western South Korea Plateau, East Sea: implications for tectonic history and sequence development during back-arc evolution, Geo-Mar. Lett., 29, 181, 10.1007/s00367-009-0133-y L’Heureux, 2012, Identification of weak layers and their role for the stability of slopes at Finneidfjord, northern Norway, vol. 29, 321 Laberg, 2008, The significance of contourites for submarine slope stability, Dev. Sedimentol., 60, 537, 10.1016/S0070-4571(08)10025-5 Laberg, 2001, Seismic analyses of Cenozoic contourite drift development in the Northern Norwegian Sea, Mar. Geophys. Res., 22, 401, 10.1023/A:1016347632294 Lee, 1998, Latest Neogene-Quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan), Mar. Geol., 146, 205, 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00123-0 Lee, 2001, Seismic stratigraphy of the deep Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) back-arc basin, Mar. Pet. Geol., 18, 615, 10.1016/S0264-8172(01)00016-2 Lee, 2013, Depositional features of co-genetic turbidite-debrite beds and possible mechanisms for their formation in distal lobated bodies beyond the base-of-slope, Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea), Mar. Geol., 346, 124, 10.1016/j.margeo.2013.09.001 Lee, 2013, Paleomagnetism on the Quaternary marine sediment at the DH-1 long-core site in the Korean continental margin of the East Sea, Geosci. J., 17, 279, 10.1007/s12303-013-0033-z Lee, 2014, Contrasting development of the latest Quaternary slope failures and mass transport deposits in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Japan Sea), 37, 403 Lenz, 2021, Mass transport deposits in reflection seismic data offshore Oregon, USA, Basin Res., 34, 81, 10.1111/bre.12611 Lim, 2013, Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy of Baegdusan and Ulleung Volcanoes using marine sediments in the Japan Sea/East Sea, Quat. Res., 80, 76, 10.1016/j.yqres.2013.04.002 Lisiecki, 2005, A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records, Paleoceanography, 20 Llopart, 2015, Late Quaternary development of the Storfjorden and Kveithola Trough Mouth Fans, northwestern Barents Sea, Quat. Sci. Rev., 129, 68, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.002 Locat, 2002, Submarine landslides: advances and challenges, Can. Geotech. J., 39, 193, 10.1139/t01-089 Locat, 2005, Subaqueous Debris Flows. Chapter 9, 203 Locat, 2013, Numerical modeling of progressive failure and its implications for spreads in sensitive clays, Can. Geotech. J., 50, 961, 10.1139/cgj-2012-0390 Locat, 2014, Weak layers: their definition and classification from a geotechnical perspective, vol. 37, 3 Lykousis, 2009, Slope failures and stability analysis of shallow water prodeltas in the active margins of Western Greece, northeastern Mediterranean Sea, Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.), 98, 807, 10.1007/s00531-008-0329-9 Masson, 2006, Submarine landslides: processes, triggers, and hazard prediction, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 364, 2009, 10.1098/rsta.2006.1810 Masson, 2010, Large landslides on passive continental margins: Processes, hypotheses and outstanding questions, vol. 28, 153 McAdoo, 2004, Tsunami hazard from submarine landslides on the Oregon continental slope, Mar. Geol., 203, 235, 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00307-4 Meckler, 2013, Deglacial pulses of deep-ocean silicate into the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 495, 495, 10.1038/nature12006 Micallef, 2007, Morphology and mechanics of submarine spreading: a case study from the Storegga Slide, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 10.1029/2006JF000739 Moore, 2016, Assessing post-failure mobility of submarine landslides from seismic geomorphology and physical properties of mass transport deposits: an example from the seaward of the Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, offshore Japan, Mar. Geol., 374, 73, 10.1016/j.margeo.2016.02.003 Morgenstern, 1967, Submarine slumping and the initiation of turbidity currents, 189 Morgenstern, 1965, The analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces, Géotechnique, 15, 79, 10.1680/geot.1965.15.1.79 Mueller, 2004, Analysing the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes with recent instrumentally recorded aftershocks, Nature, 429, 284, 10.1038/nature02557 Nagashima, 2007, Orbital- and millennial-scale variations in Asian dust transport path to the Japan Sea, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 247, 144, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.027 Normandeau, 2019, New evidence for a major late-Quaternary submarine landslide on the external western levee of Laurentian Fan Park, 2000, Last glacial sea-level changes and paleogeography of the Korea (Tsushima) Strait, Geo-Marine Letters, 20, 64, 10.1007/s003670000039 Pecher, 2018 Piper, 1988, The 1929 Grand Banks Earthquake, Slump, and Turbidity Current, 229, 77, 10.1130/SPE229-p77 Piper, 1999, The sequence of events around the epicentre of the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: initiation of debris flows and turbidity currents inferred from sidescan sonar, Sedimentology, 46, 79, 10.1046/j.1365-3091.1999.00204.x Piper, 2012, Controls on the distribution of major types of submarine landslides, 95 Riedel, 2018, Slope failures along the deformation front of the Cascadia margin: linking slide morphology to subduction zone parameters, Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ., 477, 47, 10.1144/SP477.33 Ryang, 2014, Geoacoustic model at the DH-1 long-core site in the Korean continental margin of the East Sea, Geosci. J., 18, 269, 10.1007/s12303-014-0005-y Ryu, 2012, 667 Sawyer, 2016, Tiny Fossils, Big Impact: The Role of Foraminifera-Enriched Condensed Section in Arresting the Movement of a Large Retrogressive Submarine Landslide in the Gulf of Mexico, 41, 479, 10.1007/978-3-319-20979-1_48 Sawyer, 2009, Retrogressive failures recorded in mass transport deposits in the Ursa Basin, Northern Gulf of Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 10.1029/2008JB006159 Sawyer, 2012, Mudflow transport behavior and deposit morphology: Role of shear stress to yield strength ratio in subaqueous experiments, Mar. Geol., 307–310, 28, 10.1016/j.margeo.2012.01.009 Shiihara, 2013, Stratigraphy and chronology of Holocene tephras from Ulleungdo volcano (South Korea) distributed in and around the Sea of Japan, Quat. Res., 52, 225, 10.4116/jaqua.52.225 Silva, 2021, The AD 1755 Lisbon Earthquake-Tsunami: Seismic source modelling from the analysis of ESI-07 environmental data, Quat. Int., 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.11.006 Stow, 1996, Deep seas, 380 Tada, 1992, Correlation of dark and light layers, and the origin of their cyclicity in the Quaternary sediments from the Japan Sea, Proc. ODP Sci. Results, 127/128, 577 Tada, 1999, Land-ocean linkages over orbital and millennial timescale recorded in Late Quaternary sediments of Japan Sea, Paleoceanography, 14, 236, 10.1029/1998PA900016 Tada, 2015 Tada, 2018, High-resolution and high-precision correlation of dark and light layers in the Quaternary hemipelagic sediments of the Japan Sea recovered during IODP expedition 346. Progress in Earth and Planetary, Science, 5, 1 Takagi, 2019, Analysis of generation and arrival time of landslide tsunami to Palu City due to the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, Landslides, 16, 983, 10.1007/s10346-019-01166-y Tanaka, 1999, A microstructural investigation of Osaka Bay clay: The impact of Microfossils on its mechanical behaviour, Can. Geotech. J., 36, 493, 10.1139/t99-009 Tappin, 2002, Prediction of slump generated tsunamis: The July 17th 1998 Papua New Guinea event, Sci. Tsunami Hazards, 20, 222 ten Brink, 2009, Assessment of tsunami hazard to the US East Coast using relationships between submarine landslides and earthquakes, Mar. Geol., 264, 65, 10.1016/j.margeo.2008.05.011 Tiedemann, 1991, 46 Urgeles, 2019, Tsunami hazard from submarine landslides: Scenario-based assessment in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Geosci. J., 23, 439, 10.1007/s12303-018-0044-x Urlaub, 2018, Diatom ooze: Crucial for the generation of submarine mega-slides?, Geology, 46, 2, 10.1130/G39892.1 Urlaub, 2019, Submarine landslides in an upwelling system: Climatically controlled preconditioning of the Cap Blanc Slide Comples offshore Northwest Africa, 299 Watanabe, 2007, Sediment fabrics, oxygenation history, and circulation modes of Japan Sea during the Late Quaternary, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 247, 50, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.021 Watts, 2004, Probabilistic predictions of landslide tsunamis off Southern California, Mar. Geol., 203, 281, 10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00311-6 Widess, 1973, How thin is a thin bed, Geophysics, 38, 1176, 10.1190/1.1440403 Wiemer, 2017, The enigmatic consolidation of diatomaceous sediment, Mar. Geol., 385, 173, 10.1016/j.margeo.2017.01.006 Yang, 2006, Behaviour of the sediments in the Storegga Slide interpreted by the steady state concept, Nor. Geol. Tidsskr., 86, 243