Fabrication, physical characterizations and in vitro antibacterial activity of cefadroxil-loaded chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates

Porter, 2001 A.J.F. Rosenbach A.J.F. Rosenbach, Mikro-organismen bei den Wund-infections-krankheiten des Menschen: JF Bergmann, 1884. Kuroda, 2001, Whole genome sequencing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Lancet, 357, 1225, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04403-2 Philippon, 1997, New gram-positive opportunistic bacteria: pathogenic role and treatment, Presse Med., 26, 778 Sairam, 2007, Poly(methylmethacrylate)-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) microspheres as drug delivery systems: indomethacin/cefadroxil loading and in vitro release study, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 104, 1860, 10.1002/app.25844 Shetty, 1999, An audit of first generation cephalosporin usage, J. Hosp. Infect., 41, 229, 10.1016/S0195-6701(99)90021-X Ali, 1998, Resistance pattern of clinical isolates from cases of chronic ear infection II, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 11, 31 Harris Shoaib, 2001, Cephalosporin resistance and β-lactamase production in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Karachi, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 14, 23 Ulubayram, 2015, Nanofibers based antibacterial drug design, delivery and applications, Curr. Pharm. Des., 21, 1930, 10.2174/1381612821666150302151804 Calamak, 2017, An overview of nanofiber-based antibacterial drug design, Expert Opin. Drug Discov., 12, 391, 10.1080/17460441.2017.1290603 Zupančič, 2016, Controlled release of ciprofloxacin from core-shell nanofibers with monolithic or blended core, Mol. Pharm., 13, 1393, 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00039 Nageh, 2014, Evaluation of antibacterial activity and drug release behavior of chitosan-based nanofibers (in vitro study), UK J. Pharm. Biosci., 2, 1 Imani, 2018, 1 Kumbar, 2006, Polymeric nanofibers as novel carriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules, J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 6, 2591, 10.1166/jnn.2006.462 Vasita, 2006, Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering, Int. J. Nanomed., 1, 15, 10.2147/nano.2006.1.1.15 Shahriar, 2019, Electrospinning nanofibers for therapeutics delivery, Nanomaterials (Basel), 9, E532, 10.3390/nano9040532 Xue, 2017, Electrospun nanofibers: new concepts, materials, and applications, Acc. Chem. Res., 50, 1976, 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00218 Karim Haidar, 2017, Nanofibers: new insights for drug delivery and tissue engineering, Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 17, 1564, 10.2174/1568026616666161222102641 Huang, 2003, A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites, Compos. Sci. Tech., 63, 2223, 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7 Schiffman, 2008, A review: electrospinning of biopolymer nanofibers and their applications, Polym. Rev., 48, 317, 10.1080/15583720802022182 Zeng, 2003, Biodegradable electrospun fibers for drug delivery, J. Control. Release, 92, 227, 10.1016/S0168-3659(03)00372-9 Thenmozhi, 2017, Electrospun nanofibers: new generation materials for advanced applications, Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol., 217, 36, 10.1016/j.mseb.2017.01.001 Fang, 1997, DNA fibers by electrospinning, J. Macromol. Sci., Part B: Phys., 36, 169, 10.1080/00222349708220422 Zhang, 2005, Electrospinning of gelatin fibers and gelatin/PCL composite fibrous scaffolds, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B: Appl. Biomat., 72, 156, 10.1002/jbm.b.30128 Matthews, 2002, Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers, Biomacromol, 3, 232, 10.1021/bm015533u Wnek, 2003, Electrospinning of nanofiber fibrinogen structures, Nano Lett., 3, 213, 10.1021/nl025866c Ohgo, 2003, Preparation of non-woven nanofibers of Bombyx mori silk, Samia cynthia ricini silk and recombinant hybrid silk with electrospinning method, Polymer, 44, 841, 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00819-4 Jin, 2002, Electrospinning Bombyx mori silk with poly(ethylene oxide), Biomacromol, 3, 1233, 10.1021/bm025581u Woerdeman, 2005, Electrospun fibers from wheat protein: investigation of the interplay between molecular structure and the fluid dynamics of the electrospinning process, Biomacromol, 6, 707, 10.1021/bm0494545 Qian, 2010, Green synthesis of chitosan-based nanofibers and their applications, Green Chem., 12, 1207, 10.1039/b927125b Li, 2006, Chitosan bicomponent nanofibers and nanoporous fibers, Carbohydr. Res., 341, 374, 10.1016/j.carres.2005.11.028 Geng, 2005, Electrospinning of chitosan dissolved in concentrated acetic acid solution, Biomater, 26, 5427, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.066 Ohkawa, 2004, Electrospinning of chitosan, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 25, 1600, 10.1002/marc.200400253 Jiang, 2004, Optimization and characterization of dextran membranes prepared by electrospinning, Biomacromol, 5, 326, 10.1021/bm034345w Um, 2004, Electrospinning and electro-blowing of hyaluronic acid, Biomacromol, 5, 428, 10.1021/bm034539b Bahrami, 2009, Chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) blend nanofibers: morphology, biological and antimicrobial properties, e-Polym, 9, 1580 Jia, 2007, Fabrication and characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend nanofibers produced by electrospinning method, Carbohydr. Polym., 67, 403, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.06.010 Au, 2012, Fabrication of an antibacterial non-woven mat of a poly (lactic acid)/chitosan blend by electrospinning, Macromol. Res., 20, 51, 10.1007/s13233-012-0010-9 Alhosseini, 2012, Synthesis and characterization of electrospun polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous scaffolds modified by blending with chitosan for neural tissue engineering, Int. J. Nanomed., 7, 25 El-Hefian, 2010, The preparation and characterization of chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) blended films: mechanical, thermal and surface investigations, E-J. Chem., 8, 91, 10.1155/2011/969062 Bonilla, 2014, Physical, structural and antimicrobial properties of poly vinyl alcohol-chitosan biodegradable films, Food Hydrocoll., 35, 463, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.07.002 El Miri, 2015, Bio-nanocomposite films based on cellulose nanocrystals filled polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan polymer blend, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 132, 42004, 10.1002/app.42004 Choo, 2016, Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan composite films reinforced with cellulose nanofiber, Mater, 9, 644, 10.3390/ma9080644 Yang, 2005, Electrospinning of nano/micro scale poly(L-lactic acid) aligned fibers and their potential in neural tissue engineering, Biomater, 26, 2603, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.051 Feng, 2002, Super-hydrophobic surface of aligned polyacrylonitrile nanofibers, Angew. Chem., 114, 1269, 10.1002/1521-3757(20020402)114:7<1269::AID-ANGE1269>3.0.CO;2-E Fong, 1999, Elastomeric nanofibers of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 37, 3488, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19991215)37:24<3488::AID-POLB9>3.0.CO;2-M Riboldi, 2005, Electrospun degradable polyesterurethane membranes: potential scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering, Biomater, 26, 4606, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.035 Li, 2003, Biological response of chondrocytes cultured in three-dimensional nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 67, 1105, 10.1002/jbm.a.10101 Uematsu, 2005, Cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and a three-dimensional poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold, Biomater, 26, 4273, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.037 Kim, 2004, Incorporation and controlled release of a hydrophilic antibiotic using poly(lactic-co-glycolide) based electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds, J. Control. Release, 98, 47, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.04.009 Kenawy, 2002, Release of tetracycline hydrochloride from electrospun poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), poly(lactic acid), and a blend, J. Control. Release, 81, 57, 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00041-X Mo, 2004, Electrospun P(LLA-CL) nanofiber: a biomimetic extracellular matrix for smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation, Biomater, 25, 1883, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.042 Abid, 2019, Enhanced antibacterial activity of PEO-chitosan nanofibers with potential application in burn infection management, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 135, 1222, 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.022 Cheung, 2015, Chitosan: an update on potential biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, Mar. Drugs, 13, 5156, 10.3390/md13085156 Tonglairoum, 2015, Thermally crosslinked chitosan-EDTA/PVA electrospun nanofiber mats: crosslinking conditions, Adv. Mater. Res., 1060, 192, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1060.192 Imtiaz, 2019, Fabrication of an original transparent PVA/gelatin hydrogel. In vitro antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens, Int. J. Polym. Sci., 11 Figueiredo, 2009, Poly(vinyl alcohol) films crosslinked by glutaraldehyde under mild conditions, J. Appl. PolymSci., 111, 3074, 10.1002/app.29263 Zhou, 2016, Development of poly(vinyl alcohol) porous scaffold with high strength and well ciprofloxacin release efficiency, Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 67, 326, 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.030 Wang, 2017, Development of chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibers for infection related wound healing, Front. Physiol., 7, 683, 10.3389/fphys.2016.00683 Koosha, 2015, Electrospinning, mechanical properties, and cell behavior study of chitosan/PVA nanofibers, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 103, 3081, 10.1002/jbm.a.35443 Charernsriwilaiwat, 2014, Electrospun chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol nanofibre mats for wound healing, Int. Wound J., 11, 215, 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.01077.x Huang, 2006, Encapsulating drugs in biodegradable ultrafine fibers through co-axial electrospinning, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 77, 169, 10.1002/jbm.a.30564 Sill, 2008, Electrospinning: applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering, Biomater, 29, 1989, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.01.011 Hu, 2014, Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for drug delivery applications, J. Control. Release, 185, 12, 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.018 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15549/7/8. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, 2007, A novel method for porosity measurement of various surface layers of nanofibers mat using image analysis for tissue engineering applications, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 106, 2536, 10.1002/app.26949 Korsmeyer, 1983, Mechanisms of solute release from porous hydrophilic polymers, Int. J. Pharm., 15, 25, 10.1016/0378-5173(83)90064-9 Ritger, 1987, A simple equation for description of solute release II. Fickian and anomalous release from swellable devices, J. Control. Release, 5, 37, 10.1016/0168-3659(87)90035-6 Ofokansi, 2007, Preparation and evaluation of mucin-gelatin mucoadhesive microspheres for rectal delivery of ceftriaxone sodium, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 33, 691, 10.1080/03639040701360876 Fu, 2010, Drug release kinetics and transport mechanisms of non-degradable and degradable polymeric delivery systems, Exp. Opin. Drug Deliv., 7, 429, 10.1517/17425241003602259 Singh, 2014, Effect of extracts of terminalia chebula on proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts cells: an alternative approach for wound healing, Evidence-Based Compl. Alternat. Med., 10.1155/2014/701656 Pan, 2016, Biomedical applications of antibacterial nanofiber mats made of electrospinning with wire electrodes, Appl. Sci., 6, 46, 10.3390/app6020046 Basha, 2018, A potential antibacterial wound dressing of cefadroxil chitosan nanoparticles in situ gel: fabrication, in vitro optimization and in vivo evaluation, Int. J. Pharm., 544, 129, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.021 Thien, 2016, Electrospun chitosan/PVA nanofibers for drug delivery, J. Sci. Tech., 54, 185 Cui, 2018, Electrospinning and crosslinking of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite nanofiber for transdermal drug delivery, Adv. Polym. Tech., 37, 1917, 10.1002/adv.21850 Santos, 2014, Preparation and characterization of polysaccharides/PVA blend nanofibrous membranes by electrospinning method, Carbohydr. Polym., 99, 584, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.008 Lin, 2006, Using chitosan as a thickener for electrospinning dilute PVA solutions to improve fibre uniformity, Nanotech, 17, 3718, 10.1088/0957-4484/17/15/017 Ignatova, 2006, Electrospun nanofibre mats with antibacterial properties from quaternised chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol), Carbohydr. Res., 341, 2098, 10.1016/j.carres.2006.05.006 Costa Jr, 2008, Preparation and characterization of chitosan/poly(vinylalcohol)blend chemically crosslinked by glutaraldehyde for tissue engineering application, Quim. Nova, 31, 1460 Don, 2006, Preparation and characterization of chitosan-g-poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends used for the evaluation of blood-contacting compatibility, Carbohydr. Polym., 63, 331, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.08.023 Mansur, 2008, FTIR spectroscopy characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel with different hydrolysis degree and chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 28, 539, 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.088 Li, 2004, Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel?, Adv. Mater., 16, 1151, 10.1002/adma.200400719 Shahzad, 2015, Chitosan-based electrospun nanofibrous mats, hydrogels and cast films: novel anti-bacterial wound dressing matrices, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 26, 136, 10.1007/s10856-015-5462-y Muthu, 2015, Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman & UV-Vis) and density functional theory studies of cefadroxil, Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 4, 211 Auda, 2008, Characterization and activity of cephalosporin metal complexes, Pharmazie, 63, 555 Sadri, 2016, Drug release rate and kinetic investigation of composite polymeric nanofibers, Nanomed. Res. J., 1, 112 Golchin, 2019, Biological behavior of the curcumin incorporated chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers for biomedical applications, J. Cell. Biochem., 120, 15410, 10.1002/jcb.28808 European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). http://www.eucast.org/. Tamara, 2018, Antibacterial effects of chitosan/cationic peptide nanoparticles, Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 8, 88, 10.3390/nano8020088