Fabrication of porous titanium implants by three-dimensional printing and sintering at different temperatures

1) Brånemark PI, Hansson BO, Adell R, Breine U, Lindström J, Hallén O, Ohman A. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw: Experience from a 10-year period. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl 1977; 16: 1-132.

2) Ramakrishna S, Mayer J, Wintermantel E, Leong KW. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review. Compos Sci Technol 2001; 61: 1189-1224.

3) Schiefer H, Bram M, Buchkremer HP, Stöver D. Mechanical examinations on dental implants with porous titanium coating. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2009; 20: 1763-1770.

4) Wiria FE, Shyan JYM, Lim PN, Wen FGC, Yeo JF, Cao T. Printing of Titanium implant prototype. Mater Design 2010; 31: S101-S105.

5) Krishna BV, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A. Low stiffness porous Ti structures for load-bearing implants. Acta Biomater 2007; 3: 997-1006.

6) Wen CE, Mabuchi M, Yamada Y, Shimojima K, Chino Y, Asahina T. Processing of biocompatible porous Ti and Mg. Scripta Materialia 2001; 45: 1147-1153.

7) Olivier V, Faucheux N, Hardouin P. Biomaterial challenges and approaches to stem cell use in bone reconstructive surgery. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9: 803-811.

8) Oh IH, Nomura N, Masahashi N, Hanada S. Mechanical properties of porous titanium compacts prepared by powder sintering. Scripta Materialia 2003; 49: 1197-1202.

9) Chen YJ, Feng B, Zhu YP, Weng J, Wang JX, Lu X. Fabrication of porous titanium implants with biomechanical compatibility. Mater Lett 2009; 63: 2659-2661.

10) Hong SB, Eliaz N, Leisk GG, Sach EM, Latanision RM, Allen SM. A new Ti-5Ag alloy for customized prostheses by threedimensional printing (3DP). J Dent Res 2001; 80: 860-863.

11) Sachs E, Cima M, Williams P, Brancazio D, Cornie J. Three dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. J Eng Ind 1992; 114: 481-488.

12) Chandrasekaran M, Lim KK, Lee MW, Cheang P. Effect of process parameter on properties of titanium alloy fabricated using three dimensional printing. Adv Mater Res 2007; 7: 107-113.

13) Bergmann C, Lindner M, Zhang W, Koczur K, Kirsten A, Telle R, Fischer H. 3D printing of bone substitute implants using calcium phosphate and bioactive glasses. J Eur Ceram Soc 2010; 30: 2563-2567.

14) Ryan GE, Pandit AS, Apatsidis DP. Porous titanium scaffolds fabricated using a rapid prototyping and powder metallurgy technique. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 3625-3635.