FOCAL SPASTICITY THERAPY WITH BOTULINUM TOXIN: EFFECTS ON FUNCTION, ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING AND PAIN IN 100 ADULT PATIENTS

Gracies, JM and Nance, P and Elovic, E and McGuire, J and Simpson, DM.(2002) Traditional pharmacological treatments for spasticity. Part II: systemic treatments. In <i>Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin</i>. ( pp. 65 - 93 ). New York : We Move.

Lance, JW.(1980) Pathophysiology of spasticity and clinical experience with baclofen. In <i>Spasticity: disordered motor control</i>. ( pp. 185 - 204 ). London : Year Book Medical Publishers.

Turner-Stokes, L and Ward, A.(2002) <i> Guidelines for the use of botulinumtoxin (BTX) in the management of spasticity in adults</i>. London : Royal College of Physicians.

Richardson, D and Thompson, AJ. (1999) Botulinum toxin: its use in the treatment of acquired spasticity in adults <i>Physiotherapy</i>, 85, pp. 541 - 551.

Yablon, SA and Agana, BT and Ivanhoe, CB and Boake, C. (1996) Botulinum toxin in severe upper extremity spasticity among patients with traumatic brain injury: an open-label trail <i>Neurology</i>, 47, pp. 939 - 944.

Dengler, R and Neyer, U and Wohlfarth, K and Bettig, U and Janzik, HH. (1992) Local botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot drop <i>J Neurology</i>, 239, pp. 375 - 378.

Simpson, DM and Alexander, DN and O'Brien, CF and Tagliati, M and Aswad, AS and Leon, JM. (1996) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial <i>Neurology</i>, 46, pp. 1306 - 1310.

Burbaud, P and Wiart, L and Dubos, JL and Gaujard, E and Debelleix, X and Joseph, PA. (1996) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiplegic patients <i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i>, 61, pp. 265 - 269.

Gracies, JM and Elovic, E and McGuire, J and Simpson, DM.(2002) Traditional pharmacological treatments for spasticity. Part I: local treatments. In <i>Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin</i>. ( pp. 44 - 64 ). New York : We Move.

Albany, K.(2002) Physical and occupational therapy considerations in adult patients receiving botulinum toxin injections for spasticity. In <i>Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin</i>. ( pp. 166 - 172 ). New York : We Move.

LeachJ.Children undergoing treatment with botulinum toxin: the role of the physical therapist. In:MayerNH, SimpsonDM, eds. <i>Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin</i> . New York: We Move; 2002, pp. 143–153.

Chambers, HG.(2002) Surgical treatment for spasticity in cerebral palsy: rhizotomy and orthopedic procedures. In <i>Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin</i>. ( pp. 94 - 99 ). New York : We Move.

Childers, MK and Brashear, A and Jozefczyk, P and Reding, M and Alexander, D and Good, D and (2004) Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke <i>Arch Phys Med Rehabil</i>, 85, pp. 1063 - 1069.

Wade, DT.(1992) Measurement and assessment: what and why?. In <i>Measurement in neurological rehabilitation</i>. ( pp. 15 - 26 ). Oxford : Oxford University Press.

PiersonSH.Outcome measures in spasticity management. In:BrinMF, ed. <i>Muscle & nerve. Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin type A</i> . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997; 6 (suppl): pp. 36–60.

Ashworth, B. (1964) Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis <i>Practitioner</i>, 192, pp. 540 - 542.

BrinMFDosing, administration, and a treatment algorithm for use of botulinum toxin A for adult-onset spasticity. In:BrinMF, ed. <i>Muscle & nerve. Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin type A</i> . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997; 6 (suppl): pp. 208–220.

Mayer, NH and Simpson, DM.(2002) Dosing, administration, and a treatment algorithm for use of botulinum toxin A for adult-onset muscle overactivity in patients with an upper motoneuron lesion. In <i>Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin</i>. ( pp. 154 - 165 ). New York : We Move.

O′BrienCF.Injection techniques for botulinum toxin using electromyography and electrical stimulation. In:BrinMF, ed. <i>Muscle & nerve. Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin type A</i> . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997; 6 (suppl): pp. 176–180.

LentnerC, ed. <i>Geigy scientific tables</i> , volume 2. Basle: Ciba-Geigy Ltd; 1982, pp. 89–102.

Das, TK and Park, DM. (1989) Effect of treatment with botulinum toxin on spasticity <i>Postgrad Med J</i>, 65, pp. 208 - 210.

BrinMF.The Spasticity Study Group. In:BrinMF, ed. <i>Muscle & nerve. Spasticity: etiology, evaluation, management and the role of botulinum toxin type A</i> . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1997; 6 (suppl)

Pierson, SH and Katz, DI and Tarsy, D. (1996) Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of spasticity: functional implications and patient selection <i>Arch Phys Med Rehabil</i>, 77, pp. 717 - 721.

Brashear, A and Gordon, MF and Elovic, E and Kassicieh, VD and Marciniak, C and Do, M. (2002) Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke <i>N Engl J Med</i>, 347, pp. 395 - 400.

Landau, WM. (2003) Botulinum toxin for spasticity after stroke. Reply to the editor <i>N Engl J Med</i>, 348, pp. 258.

Reichel, G. (2001) Botulinum toxin for treatment of spasticity in adults <i>J Neurol</i>, 248(suppl 1), pp. 25 - 27.

Ward, AB. (2002) A summary of spasticity management – a treatment algorithm <i>Eur J Neurol</i>, 9(suppl 1), pp. 48 - 52.

Richardson, D and Sheean, G and Werring, D and Desai, M and Edwards, S. (2000) Greenwood. Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults <i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i>, 69, pp. 499 - 506.

Bakheit, AMO and Thilmann, AF and Ward, AB and Poewe, W and Wissel, J and Müller, J and (2000) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb muscle spasticity after stroke <i>Stroke</i>, 31, pp. 2402 - 2406.

Pittock, SJ and Moore, AP and Hardiman, O and Ehler, E and Kovac, M and Bojakowski, J. (2003) A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of Botulinum toxin A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke <i>Cerebrovasc Dis</i>, 15, pp. 289 - 300.

Bakheit, AMO and Pittock, S and Moore, AP and Wurker, M and Otto, S and Erbguth, F and (2001) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A (Dysport) in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke <i>J Neurology</i>, 8, pp. 559 - 565.

Bhakta, BB and Cozens, JA and Chamberlain, MA and Bamford, JM. (2000) Impact of botulinum toxin on disability and carer burden due to arm spasticity after stroke: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial <i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i>, 69, pp. 217 - 221.

Moore, AP. (2002) Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) for spasticity in adults. What is the evidence? <i>Eur J Neurol</i>, 9(suppl 1), pp. 42 - 47.

Wissel, J and Müller, J and Dressnandt, J and Heinen, F and Neuman, M and Topka, H and (2000) Management of spasticity associated pain with botulinum toxin A <i>J Pain Symptom Manage</i>, 20, pp. 44 - 49.

Dunne, JW and Heye, N and Dunne, SL. (1995) Treatment of chronic limb spasticity with botulinum toxin A <i>J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry</i>, 58, pp. 232 - 235.