Expression and detection of anti-HBs antibodies after hepatitis B virus infection or vaccination in the context of protective immunity
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
World Health Organization (2017) Global Hepatitis Report, 2017. WHO, Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255016/9789241565455-eng.pdf;jsessionid=E755A573714A211D864D6FECC4B18D47?sequence=1
Chisari FV, Isogawa M, Wieland SF (2010) Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Pathol Biol (Paris) 58(4):258–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patbio.2009.11.001
Zhang X, Wang J, Chen X, Yu M, Yu S, Sun Y, Duan J, Sun H, Yuan P (2018) Short-term immunogenicity of standard and accelerated hepatitis B virus vaccination schedules in healthy adults: a comparative field study in China. Biosci Rep. 38(5):BSR20180846. https://doi.org/10.1042/bsr20180846
Shepard CW, Simard EP, Finelli L, Fiore AE, Bell BP (2006) Hepatitis B virus infection: epidemiology and vaccination. Epidemiol Rev 28:112–125
Greub G, Frei P (2001) Presence of low levels of anti-HBs antibody in so-called ‘anti-HBc alone’ subjects. Liver 21:380–383
Liu F, Guo Z, Dong C (2017) Influences of obesity on the immunogenicity of Hepatitis B vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 4 13(5):1014–1017. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016
Fisman DN, Agrawal D, Leder K (2002) The effect of age on immunologic response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 35:1368–1375
Hernandez-Bernal F, Aguilar-Betancourt A, Aljovin V et al (2011) Comparison of four recombinant hepatitis B vaccines applied on an accelerated schedule in healthy adults. Hum Vaccin 7:1026–1036
Kamath GR, Shah DP, Hwang LY (2014) Immune response to hepatitis B vaccination in drug using populations: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Vaccine 32:2265–2274
Kubba AK, Taylor P, Graneek B, Strobel S (2003) Non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination: a review. Commun Dis Public Health 6:106–112
Fonseca MO, Pang LW, de Paula Cavalheiro N, Barone AA (2005) Randomized trial of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-infected adult patients comparing a standard dose to a double dose. Vaccine 23:2902–2908
Yang A, Guo Z, Ren Q, Wu L, Ma Y, Hu A et al (2017) Active immunization in patients transplanted for hepatitis B virus related liver diseases: a prospective study. PLoS One 12(11):e0188190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188190
Asan A, Demirhan H, Sorkun HÇ, Özkan S, Aydın M, Akın D, Tatar B, Çatak B, Şener A, Köse Ş (2017) Factors affecting responsiveness to hepatitis B immunization in dialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 49(10):1845–1850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-017-1616-9
Miyake T, Akbar SM, Yoshida O, Chen S, Hiasa Y, Matsuura B, Abe M, Onji M (2010) Impaired dendritic cell functions disrupt antigen-specific adaptive immune responses in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 45:859–867
Park HL, Shim SH, Lee EY, Cho W, Park S, Jeon HJ, Ahn SY, Kim H, Nam JH (2014) Obesity-induced chronic inflammation is associated with the reduced efficacy of influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10:1181–1186
Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Mendez NV, Landin AM, Ryan JG, Blomberg BB (2013) Young and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes have optimal B cell responses to the seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccine 31(35):3603–3610
Rosenberg C, Bovin NV, Bram LV, Flyvbjerg E, Erlandsen M, Vorup-Jensen T, Petersen E (2013) Age is an important determinant in humoral and T cell responses to immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen. Hum Vaccin Immunother 9(7):1466–1476. https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.24480
Rahman F, Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S, Bocher W, Gallep P, Lohr H (2000) Cellular and humoral immune responses induced by intradermal or intramuscular vaccination with the major hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatology 31:521–527
Milich DR, Leroux-Roels GG (2003) Immunogenetics of the response to HBsAg vaccination. Autoimmun Rev 2(5):248–257
Rehermann B, Nascimbeni M (2005) Immunology of hepatitis B vírus and hepatitis C virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 5:215–229
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (2007) Cellular and molecular immunology, 6th ed, Editora Saunders, Philadelphia
Penna A, Artini M, Cavalli A, Levrero M, Bertoletti A, Pilli M, Chisari FV, Rehermann B, Del Prete G, Fiaccadori F, Ferrari C (1996) Long-lasting memory T cell responses following self-limited acute hepatitis B. J Clin Invest 98(5):1185–1194
Honorati M, Dolzani P, Mariani E, Piacentini A, Lisignoli G, Ferrari C, Facchini A (1997) Epitope specificity of Th0/Th2 CD4+ T-lymphocyte clones induced by vaccination with rHBsAg vaccine. Gastroenterology 112(6):2017–2027
Desombere I, Willems A, Gijbels Y, Leroux-Roels G (2006) Partial delipidation improves the T-cell antigenicity of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Virol 80(7):3506–3514
Gomez-Gutierrez J, Rodriguez-Crespo I, Peterson D, Gavilanes F (1995) Antigenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen proteins reconstituted with phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1233:205–212
Diminsky D, Moav M Gorecki, Barenholz Y (1999) Physical, chemical and immunological stability of CHO-derived hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles. Vaccine 18:3–17
Zhao Q, Wang Y, Freed D, Fu TM, Gimenez JA, Sitrin RD et al (2006) Maturation of recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen particles. Hum Vaccin 2:174–180
Greiner V, Manin C, Larquet E, Ikhelef N, Gréco F, Naville S, Milhiet PE, Ronzon F, Klymchenko A, Mély Y (2014) Characterization of the structural modifications accompanying the loss of HBsAg particle immunogenicity. Vaccine 32:1049–1054
Wu J, Lu M, Meng Z, Trippler M, Broering R, Szczeponek A et al (2007) Toll-like receptor-mediated control of HBV replication by nonparenchymal liver cells in mice. Hepatology 46:1769–1778
Wu J, Meng Z, Jiang M et al (2009) Hepatitis B virus suppresses toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses in murine parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells. Hepatology 49:1132–1140
Buynak EB, Roehm RR, Tytell AA, Bertland AU, Lampson GP, Hilleman MR (1976) Vaccine against human hepatitis B. JAMA 235(26):2832–2834
Maupas P, Goudeau A, Coursaget P, Drucker J, Bagros P (1976) Immunisation against hepatitis B in man. Lancet 1(7974):1367–1370
Zanetti AR, Van Damme P, Shouval D (2008) The global impact of vaccination against hepatitis B: a historical overview. Vaccine 26(49):6266–6273
Bruce MG, Bruden D, Hurlburt D et al (2016) Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: Results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis 214(1):16–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv748
Shoural D, Ilan Y, Adler R, Deepen R, Panet A, Even-Chen Z, Gorecki M, Gerlich WH (1994) Improved immunogenicity in mice of a mammalioan cell-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccine containing pre-S1 and Pre-S2 antigens as compared with conventional yeast-derived vaccines. Vaccine 12:1453–1459
Shouval D, Roggendorf H, Roggendorf M (2015) Enhanced immune response to hepatitis B vaccination through immunization with a Pre-S1/Pre-S2/S vaccine. Med Microbiol Immunol 204:57–68
Hoa PT, Huy NT, le Thu T, Nga CN, Nakao K, Eguchi K, Chi NH, Hoang BH, Hirayama K (2009) Randomized controlled study investigating viral suppression and serological response following pre-S1/pre-S2/S vaccine therapy combined with lamivudine treatment in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(12):5134–5140
Wang H, Han Q, Zhao H, Xu D, Zhang J (2018) Single dose HBsAg CS-γ-PGA nanogels induce potent protective immune responses against HBV infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 124:82–88
Lim YT, Shim SM, Noh YW, Lee KS, Choi DY, Uyama H et al (2011) Bioderived polyelectrolyte nanogels for robust antigen loading and vaccine adjuvant effects. Small 7:3281–3286
Lugade A, Bharali D, Pradhan V, Elkin G, Mousa S, Thanayala Y (2013) Single low-dose un-adjuvanted HBsAg nanoparticle vaccine elicits robust, durable immunity. Nanomedicine 9(7):923–934
Leroux-Roels G, Van Belle P, Vandepapeliere P, Horsmans Y, Janssens M, Carletti I, Garçon N, Wettendorff M, Van Mechelen M (2015) Vaccine adjuvant systems containing monophosphoryl lipid A and QS-21 induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses against hepatitis B surface antigen which persist for at least 4 years after vaccination. Vaccine 33(8):1084–1091
Jesus S, Soares E, Borchard G, Borges O (2017) Poly-ϵ-caprolactone/chitosan nanoparticles provide strong adjuvant effect for hepatitis B antigen. Nanomedicine 12(19):2335–2348
Das M, Vanar V, Martin DK, Walayat S, Patel J, Badshah MB, Kalva NR, Pisoh WN, Dhillon S (2017) Seroconverting nonresponder of high-dose intramuscular HBV vaccine with intradermal HBV vaccine: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 96(46):e8575. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000008575
Filippelli M, Lionetti E, Gennaro A, Lanzafame A, Arrigo T, Salpietro C et al (2014) Hepatitis B vaccine by intradermal route in non responder patients: an update. World J Gastroenterol 20(30):10383–10394
Zuckerman JN (2006) Protective efficacy, immunotherapeutic potential, and safety of hepatitis B vaccines. J Med Virol 78:169–177
Zhang L, Liu J, Lu J, Yan B, Song L, Li L, Cui F, Zhang G, Wang F, Liang X, Xu A (2015) Antibody response to revaccination among adult non-responders to primary hepatitis B vaccination in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 11(11):2716–2722. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1045172
Or Kalchiem-Dekel, Grupel D, Bouchnik L, Sikule E, Ben-Yakov G (2015) Efficacy and long-term durability of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine among intramuscular vaccine nonresponders: a prospective study in healthcare personnel. J Gastroenterol and Hepatol 30:1782–1787
Fan W, Chen X, Shen C, Guo Z, Dong C (2016) Hepatitis B vaccine response in obesity: a meta-analysis. Vaccine 34(40):4835–4841
Walayat S, Ahmed Z, Martin D, Puli S, Cashman M, Dhillon S (2015) Recent advances in vaccination of non-responders to standard dose hepatitis B virus vaccine. World J Hepatol 7(24):2503–2509. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i24.2503
Schillie S, Murphy TV, Sawyer M et al (2013) CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering post exposure management. MMWR Recomm Rep 62(RR-10):1–19
Maltezou HC, Poland GA (2014) Vaccination policies for healthcare workers in Europe. Vaccine 32:4876–4880
Lu CY, Ni YH, Chiang BL, Chen PJ, Chang MH, Chang LY et al (2008) Humoral and cellular immune responses to a hepatitis B vaccine booster 15–18 years after neonatal immunization. J Infect Dis 197:1419–1426
Salama I, Sami S, Salama S, Rabah T, El Etreby L, Abdel Hamid A, Elmosalami D, El Hariri H, Said ZN (2016) Immune response to second vaccination series of hepatitis B virus among booster dose non-responders. Vaccine 34(16):1904–1908
Valats J, Tuaillon E, Funakoshi N, Hoa D, Brabet MC, Bolloré K, Ducos J, Vendrell JP, Blanc P (2010) Investigation of memory B cell responses to hepatitis B surface antigen in health care workers considered as non-responders to vaccination. Vaccine 28(39):6411–6416
Zaffina S, Marcellini V, Santoro AP, Scarsella M, Camisa V, Vinci MR, Musolino AM, Nicolosi L (2014) Repeated vaccinations do not improve specific immune defenses against hepatitis B in non-responder health care workers. Vaccine 32(51):6902–6910
Weihrauch MR, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Kandic M, Weskott M, Klamp W, Rosler J et al (2008) T cell responses to hepatitis B surface antigen are detectable in non-vaccinated individuals. World J Gastroenterol 14:2529–2533
Vingerhoets J, Vanham G, Kestens L, Penne G, Leroux-Roels G, Gigase P (1994) Deficient T-cell responses in non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination: absence of TH1 cytokine production. Immunol Lett 39:163–168
Kardar GA, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F (2002) Diminished Th1 and Th2 cytokine production in healthy adult nonresponders to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Scand J Immunol 55:311–314
Boot HJ, van der Waaij LA, Schirm J, Kallenberg CG, van Steenbergen J, Wolters B (2009) Acute hepatitis B in a healthcare worker: a case report of genuine vaccination failure. J Hepatol 50:426–431
Heininger U, Gambon M, Gruber V, Margelli D (2010) Successful hepatitis B immunization in non- and low responding health care workers. Hum Vaccin 6(9):725–728
CDC (2018) Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 67(No. RR-1)
Greub G, Zysset F, Genton B, Spertini F, Frei PC (2001) Absence of anti-hepatitis B surface antibody after vaccination does not necessarily mean absence of immune response. Med Microbiol Immunol 189(3):165–168
Heijtink RA, Schneeberger PM, Postma B, Crombach W (2002) Anti-HBs levels after hepatitis B immunisation depend on test reagents: routinely determined 10 and 100 IU/L seroprotection levels unreliable. Vaccine 20(23–24):2899–2905
Ferguson M, Yu MW, Heath A (2010) Calibration of the second international standard for hepatitis B immunoglobulin in an international collaborative study. Vox Sang 99:77–84
Raven S, Hautvast J, Steenbergen JV, Akkermans R, Weykamp C, Smits F, Hoebe C, Vossen A (2017) Diagnostic performance of serological assays for anti-HBs testing: results from a quality assessment program. J Clin Viroll 87:17–22
Huzly D, Schenk T, Jilg W, Neumann-Haefelin D (2008) Comparison of nine commercially available assays for quantification of antibody response to hepatitis B virus surface antigen. J Clin Microbiol 46:1298–1306
Madiyal M, Sagar S, Vishwanath S, Banerjee B, Kalwaje V, Chawla K (2016) Comparing assay performance of elisa and chemiluminescence immunoassay in detecting antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. J Clin Diag Res 10(11):DC22–DC25
Kinn S, Akhavan S, Agut H, Thibault V (2011) Performance of the DiaSorin LIAISON® anti-HBs II for the detection of hepatitis B surface antibodies: Comparison with the Abbott Architect anti-HBs assay. J Clin Virol 50:297–302
Tuaillon E, Tabaa YA, Petitjean G, Huguet MF, Pajeaux G, Fondere JM, Ponseille B, Ducos J, Blanc P, Vendrell JP (2006) Detection of memory B lymphocytes specific to hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) from HBsAg-vaccinated or HBV-immunized subjects by ELISPOT assay. J Immunol Methods 315(1–2):144–152
Bagheri-Jamebozorgi M, Keshavarz J, Nemati M, Mohammadi-Hossainabad S, Rezayati MT, Nejad-Ghaderi M, Jamalizadeh A, Shokri F, Jafarzadeh A (2014) The persistence of anti-HBs antibody and anamnestic response 20 years after primary vaccination with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at infancy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10(12):3731–3736
Brunskole Hummel I, Zitzmann A, Erl M, Wenzel JJ, Jilg W (2016) Characteristics of immune memory 10–15 years after primary hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 34(5):636–642
Wang ZZ, Gao YH, Lu W, Jin CD, Zeng Y, Yan L, Ding F, Li T, Liu XE, Zhuang H (2017) Long-term persistence in protection and response to a hepatitis B vaccine booster among adolescents immunized in infancy in the western region of China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 13(4):909–915
Dini G, Toletone A, Barberis I, Debarbieri N, Massa E, Paganino C, Bersi F, Montecucco A, Alicino C, Durando P (2017) Persistence of protective anti-HBs antibody levels and anamnestic response to HBV booster vaccination: a cross-sectional study among healthcare students 20 years following the universal immunization campaign in Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 13(2):440–444
Banatvala J, Van-Damme P, Oehen S (2001) Lifelong protection against hepatitis B: the role of vaccine immunogenicity in immune memory. Vaccine 19:877–885
Wang R-X, Boland G, Hattum J, de Gast GC (2004) Long term persistence of T cell memory to HBsAg after hepatitis B vaccination. World J Gastroenterol 10(2):260–263
Bocher B, Herzog-Hauff S, Herr W, Heermann K, Gerken G, Meyer Z, Lohr HF (1996) Regulation of the neutralizing anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) antibody response in vitro in HBs vaccine recipients and patients with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Clin Exp Immunol 105(1):52–58
Bauer T, Jilg W (2006) Hepatitis B surface antigen-specific T and B cell memory in individuals who had lost protective antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine 24(5):572–577
Bernasconi NL, Traggiai E, Lanzavecchia A (2002) Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells. Science 298:2199–2202
Gilca V, De Serres G, Boulianne N, Murphy D, De Wals P, Ouakki M et al (2013) Anti-body persistence and the effect of a booster dose given 5, 10 or 15 years aftervaccinating preadolescents with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 31:448–451
Spada E, Romano L, Tosti ME, Zuccaro O, Paladini S, Chironna M et al (2014) Hepatitis B immunity in teenagers vaccinated as infants: an Italian 17-year follow-upstudy. Clin Microbiol Infect 20:O680–O686
Salleras L, Dominguez A, Bruguera M, Plans P, Costa J, Cardenosa N et al (2007) Declining prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in Catalonia (Spain) 12 years after the introduction of universal vaccination. Vaccine 25(52):8726–8731
Campagna M, Siddu A, Meloni A, Murru C, Masia G, Coppola RC (2011) Epidemiological impact of mandatory vaccination against hepatitis B in Italian young adults. Hepat Mon 11(9):750–752
Coppola RC, Meloni A, Campagna M (2012) Impact of universal vaccination against hepatitis B: the italian model. Hepat Mon 12(7):417–419
Saffar H, Ajami A, Saffar MJ, Shojaei J, Sotudeh-Anvari M, Shams-Esfandabad K, Khalilian AR (2014) Prevalence of hepatitis B virus seromarkers in young adults vaccinated at birth; impact on the epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in iran. Hepat Mon 14(5):e17263. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.17263
Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Leroux-Roels G, KuriyakoseS Leyssen M et al (2011) Evidence of protection against clinical and chronic hepatitisB infection 20 years after infant vaccination in a high endemicity region. J Viral Hepat 18:369–375
Sadlier C, Madden K, O’Gorman S, Crowley B, Bergin C (2017) Development of chronic hepatitis B infection in a hepatitis B vaccine responder. Int J STD AIDS 28(5):526–528
Chang HC, Yen CJ, Lee YC, Chiu TY, Jan CF (2007) Seroprevalence of hepatitis B viral markers among freshmen-20 years after mass hepatitis B vaccination program in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 106:513–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(07)60001-1
Su FH, Chu FY, Bai CH, Lin YS, Hsueh YM, Sung FC, Yeh CC (2013) Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine boosters among neonatally vaccinated university freshmen in Taiwan. J Hepatol 58:684–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.11.036
Leuridan E, Van Damme P (2011) Hepatitis B and the need for a booster dose. Clin Infect Dis 53(1):68–75
Sahana HV, Sarala N, Prasad SR (2017) Decrease in anti-HBs antibodies over time in medical students and healthcare workers after hepatitis B vaccination. Biomed Res Int 2017:1327492. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1327492
WHO. Hepatitis B vaccines (2009) Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire / Section d’hygiene du Secretariat de la Societe des Nations 5 Wkly Epidemiol Rec / Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 84:405–419
Bachmann MF, Kündig TM, Oderman B, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (1994) Free recirculation of memory B cells versus antigen-dependent differentiation to antibody forming cells. J Immunol 153:3386–3397
Pawlotsky J-M (2005) The concept of hepatitis B virus mutant escape. J Clin Virol 34(Suppl 1):S125–S129
Pondé RA (2013) Atypical serological profiles in hepatitis B virus infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32(4):461–476
Ogura Y, Kurosaki M, Asahina Y, Enomoto N, Marumo F, Sato C (1999) Prevalence and significance of naturally occurring mutations in the surface and polymerase genes of hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis 180:1444–1451
Chongsrisawat V, Thawornsuk N, Theamboonlers A, Louisirirotchanakul S, Poovorawan Y (2006) Hepatitis B virus DNA in unusual serological profiles of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive sera. Viral Immunol 19(4):623–629
Zhang JM, Xu Y, Wang XY, Yin YK, Wu XH, Weng XH, Lu M (2007) Coexistence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and heterologous subtype-specific antibodies to HBsAg among patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 44(9):1161–1169
Zhang ZH, Li L, Zhao XP, Glebe D, Bremer CM, Zhang ZM, Tian YJ, Wang BJ, Yang Y, Gerlich W, Roggendorf M, Li X, Lu M, Yang DL (2011) Elimination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen and appearance of neutralizing antibodies in chronically infected patients without viral clearance. J Viral Hepat 18(6):424–433
Pondé RA (2011) The underlying mechanisms for the “simultaneous HBsAg and anti-HBs serological profile”. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30(11):1325–1340
Golsaz-Shirazi F, Mohammadi H, Amiri MM, Khoshnoodi J, Kardar GA, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Shokri F (2016) Localization of immunodominant epitopes within the “a” determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 161(10):2765–2772
Tonekaboni SS, Waters J, Jeffers S, Gehrke R, Ofenloch B, Horsch A, Hess G, Howard C, Karayiannis P (2000) Effect of variation in the common ‘a’ determinant on the antigenicity of hepatitis B surface antigen. J Med Virol 60:113–121
Servant-Delmas A, Mercier-Darty M, Ly TD, Wind F, Alloui C, Sureau C, Laperche S (2012) Variable capacity of 13 hepatitis B virus surface antigen assays for the detection of HBsAg mutants in blood samples. J Clin Virol 53(4):338–345
Millman I, McMichael J (1978) Glycoproteins of natural origin with an affinity for hepatitis B surface antigen. Infect Immun 21(3):879–885