Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species
Tóm tắt
Essential fatty acids (EFA) remain one of the least well‐understood and enigmatic nutrients in aquaculture nutrition. Of all dietary nutrients none has a greater direct impact on the composition of its consumer. Their importance stems not only to their impact on animal growth, but also to factors such as reproduction, immunity and product quality. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) has consistently been shown to provide the greatest EFA value to most species. However, the nutritional value of eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and arachidonic (ARA; 20:4n‐6) acids has also been significantly greater than that exhibited by linolenic (LNA; 18:3n‐3) and linoleic (LOA; 18:2n‐6) acids. All five fatty acids have been shown to provide EFA value to most aquaculture species, although the optimal dietary inclusion levels and balance among the fatty‐acid classes (n‐3 and n‐6) and fatty‐acid chain lengths (18‐C, 20‐C or 22‐C) vary among species. Environmental origin (freshwater, estuarine or marine) appears to be a primary factor influencing the difference in EFA requirements. The role that EFA play in osmoregulation clearly shows how these nutrients affect animals from different aquatic environments. The influence of EFA on growth also appears to be greatest in larval fish and crustaceans, possibly because of their reduced ability to digest and absorb lipids, but also because of a proportionally higher demand for EFA in the development of, in particular, neural tissues. Despite an abundance of research since the 1970s on the EFA requirements of aquaculture species there remains a need to better define the EFA requirements of most aquaculture species. Of all major aquaculture species only the penaeid shrimp has a comprehensively documented assessment of its nutritional requirements for EFA. The nutritional requirements for EFA in most fish species have not been comprehensively studied and those species that were fully examined in the 1970s and 1980s now need to be reassessed in light of recent changes to the use of high‐nutrient‐density diets that were not routinely used in either practice or research during that earlier period. In addition to changes in dietary specification strategies, declining dependence on marine‐origin lipid sources in recent years has placed an increased imperative on understanding the dietary need for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (lcPUFA). As aquaculture continues to grow there will be an increased use of alternative lipid resources, such as grain, algal and rendered oils, to provide dietary lipids. In addition to dietary dilution of natural EFA sources through the use of these raw materials, they will also bring new challenges, such as increased levels of n‐6 and 18‐C polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Introduction of these n‐6 and PUFA fatty acids to the diet of aquaculture species will not only influence the nutritional demands of these animals, but will also affect their flesh quality characteristics by reducing their level of n‐3 lcPUFA. This dilemma will demand an increased prioritisation on the value of lipid sources rich in n‐3 lcPUFA, but is also likely to stimulate the development of alternative sources of lcPUFA.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abedin L, 1997, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the Nutrition Society of Australia
Ananichev AV, 1959, Digestive enzymes of fish and seasonal changes in their activity, Biochemistry, 24, 952
Arai S, 1971, A purified test diet for the eel, Anguilla japonica, Bulletin of the Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory, 21, 161
Benitez IV, 1983, FinFish Nutrition in Asia – Methodological Approaches to Research and Development, 145
Borlongan IG, 1991, Effect of dietary lipid sources on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) fry, Bamidgeh, 43, 95
Brockerhoff H, 1964, Retention of the fatty acid distribution pattern of a dietary triglyceride in animals, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 239, 735, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51649-5
Buranapanidgit J, 1988, Essential Fatty Acid Requirement of Juvenile Seabass Lates Calcarifer
Buranapanidgit J, 1989, Optimum Level of ω3HUFA in Juvenile Seabass Lates Calcarifer
Bureau DP, 2002, Fish Nutrition, 2
Bureau DP, Fish Nutrition, 2
Castell JD, 1979, Proceedings of the Symposium on Finfish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology 1, 59
Castell JD, 1972, Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): physiological symptoms of EFA deficiency, Journal of Nutrition, 102, 87, 10.1093/jn/102.1.87
Cho CY, 1991, Handbook of Nutrient Requirements of Finfish, 131
Cho CY, 1979, Finfish Nutrition and Fishfood Technology, 239
D’Abramo LR, 1997, Advances in World Aquaculture – Crustacean Nutrition, 71
DengDF(1996)Qualitative requirement for essential fatty acids for white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)(MSc Dissertation).University of California San Diego.
Furukawa A, 1966, Studies on feed for fish V. Results of the small floating net culture test to establish the artificial diet as complete yellowtail foods, Bulletin of the Naikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 23, 45
Garg ML, 1990, Interactions of saturated, n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism, Journal of Lipid Research, 31, 271, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)43212-2
Izquierdo MS, 1992, Effect of n‐3 HUFA levels in Artemia on growth of larval Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Aquaculture, 161, 269
Kanazawa A, 1984, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimps, Iloilo City, Philippines, 1984, 124
Kanazawa A, 1992, Proceedings of the Aquaculture Nutrition Workshop, 64
Kanazawa A, 1978, Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on growth and fatty acid composition of the prawn Penaeus japonicus, Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries – Kagoshima University, 27, 35
Kanazawa A, 1980, Requirement of Tilapia zillii for essential fatty acids, Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 33, 47
Lewis TE, 1999, The biotechnology potential of thraustochytrids, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1, 580
Masuda R, 2003, The Big Fish Bang, 249
Millikin MR, 1982, Qualitative and quantitative requirements of fishes: a review, Fishery Bulletin, 80, 655
Morson LA, 1986, Diets varying in linoleic and linolenic acid content alter liver plasma membrane lipid composition and glucagon‐stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, Journal of Nutrition, 116, 2355, 10.1093/jn/116.12.2355
Nichols PD, 2004, Sources of long‐chain omega‐3 oils, Lipid Technology, 16, 247
NRC (National Research Council), 1993, Nutrient Requirements of Fish
Patankar VB, 1973, Esterases in the stomach of fishes with different food habits, Folia of Histochemistry and Cytochemsitry, 11, 253
Rawn JD, 1989, Biochemistry
Rigaudy J, 1979, Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry
Ringo E, 1995, Does chromic oxide (Cr2O3) affect faecal lipid and intestinal bacterial flora in Artic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)?, Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24, 767
Rustad T, 2003, Utilisation of marine by‐products, Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2, 458
Salte R, 1988, Do high levels of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPAIDHA) prevent diseases associated with membrane degeneration in farmed Atlantic salmon at low water temperatures?, Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, 8, 63
Sargent JR, 1976, Biochemical and Biophysical Perspectives in Marine Biology, 149
Sargent JR, 1995, Fish Oil: Technology, Nutrition and Marketing, 67
Sargent JR, 1995, Phospholipids: Characterisation, Metabolism and Novel Biological Applications, 248
Smith EL, 1983, Principles of Biochemistry: General Aspects
Spaziani EP, 1991, Possible role of prostaglandin F2α in vitellogenesis in the crayfish (Procambarus paeninsulanis), American Zoologist, 31, 23A
Sprecher H, 1992, A re‐evaluation of the pathway for the biosynthesis of 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19‐docosahexaenoic acid, Omega-3 News, 7, 1
Sprecher H, 1995, A re‐evaluation of the pathways for the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, Journal of Lipid Research, 36, 2471, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41084-3
Stickney RR, 1983, Effects of dietary lipid quality on growth and food conversion of tilapia, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 352
Stokes JB, 1981, Prostaglandin and the regulation of NaCl transport across renal epithelia, Minerals Electrolytes and Metabolism, 6, 35
Teshima S, 1997, Advances in World Aquaculture – Crustacean Nutrition, 85
Teshima SI, 1992, Ability for bioconversion of n‐3 fatty acids in fish and crustaceans, Oceanis, 17, 67
Tsukuhara H, 1967, Studies on feed for fish VIII. The effects of dietary fat on the growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata Temminak et Schegel), Bulletin of the Naikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 24, 29
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)(2008) [Cited 3 March 2009.] Available from URL:http://www.usda.gov.
Wanakowat J, 1993, Fish Nutrition in Practice, 807
Yone Y, 1978, Dietary Lipids in Aquaculture, 43