Khám Phá Tính Hợp Lệ Của Các Dấu Hiệu Hành Vi Dự Đoán Sự Kháng Cự Về Thể Chất Khi Bị Bắt Giữ

Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology - Tập 34 - Trang 134-144 - 2018
Richard R. Johnson1
1Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Michigan, Dearborn, USA

Tóm tắt

Cảnh sát đôi khi được đào tạo rằng một số dấu hiệu hành vi nhất định có thể dự đoán hành vi bạo lực sắp xảy ra. Thêm vào đó, các khảo sát đã tiết lộ rằng nhiều người có quan điểm rằng những yếu tố dự đoán hành vi bạo lực này là hợp lệ, tuy nhiên, bằng chứng thực nghiệm về tính hợp lệ lại hiếm hoi và mâu thuẫn. Nghiên cứu hiện tại đã sử dụng phân tích từng khung hình của các cuộc chạm trán bắt giữ cảnh sát được ghi lại trên video để khám phá tính hợp lệ của chín dấu hiệu hành vi trong việc dự đoán xem liệu người bị bắt có kháng cự bạo lực hay không. Kết quả cho thấy bốn trong số chín hành vi có thể dự đoán được hành vi bạo lực, nhưng có sự khác biệt đáng kể giữa các nhóm chủng tộc. Tính hợp lệ của những dấu hiệu hành vi còn lại vẫn không rõ ràng vào thời điểm này.

Từ khóa

#hành vi bạo lực #dấu hiệu dự đoán #kháng cự bắt giữ #cảnh sát #phân tích video

Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams RJ, McTernan TM, Remsberg C (1980) Street survival: tactics for armed encounters. Calibre Press, Northbrook Akehurst L, Kohnken G, Vrij A, Bull R (1996) Lay persons’ and police officers’ beliefs regarding deceptive behavior. Appl Cogn Psychol 10:461–471 Arsenio WF, Cooperman S, Lover A (2000) Affective predictors of preschooler’s aggression and peer acceptance: direct and indirect effects. Dev Psychol 36:438–448 Baker M (1999) D.A.: Prosecutors in their own words. Simon and Schuster, New York Beaullieu MC (2004) Intercultural study of personal space: a case study. J Appl Soc Psychol 34:794–805 Blair J, Kooi B (2004) The gap between training and research in the detection of deception. Int J Police Sci Manag 6:77–83 Davis R (2016) What are the danger cues a police officer looks for? American concealed: handgun safety and tactical training, 1–7. Retrieved from https://americanconcealed.com/articles/law-enforcement/what-are-the-danger-cues-a-police-officer-looks-for/ de Lint W, O’Connor D (2008) Ordered images: cooking reality in Cops. J Crim Justice & Pop Culture 15:277–290 deTurck M, Miller G (1985) Deception and arousal: isolating the behavioral correlates of deception. Hum Commun Res 12:181–201 deTurck M, Miller G (1990) Training observers to detect deception: effects of self-monitoring and rehearsal. Hum Commun Res 16:603–620 Fugita S, Hogrebe M, Wexley K (1980) Perceptions of deception: perceived expertise in detecting deception, successfulness of deception and non-verbal cues. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 6:637–643 Fugita S, Wexley K, Hillery J (1974) Black-white differences in non-verbal behavior in an interview setting. J Appl Soc Psychol 4:343–350 Gould JB, Leo RA (2010) One hundred years later: wrongful convictions after a century of research. J Crim L & Criminology 100:825–868 Hallett M (1995) Guns and roses on “cops.”. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 7:233–236 Hallett M (1996) Police victimization from law and order: gun and roses on “COPS.” The Criminologist 21:1–10 Hallett M, Powell D (1995) Backstage with “COPS”: the dramaturgical reification of police subculture in American crime “info-tainment”. Am J Police 14:101–129 Horvath F, Jayne B, Buckley J (1994) Differentiation of truthful and deceptive criminal suspects in behavior analysis interviews. J Forensic Sci 39:793–807 Hubbard JA (2001) Emotion expression processes in children’s peer interaction: the role of peer rejection, aggression, and gender. Child Dev 72:1426–1438 Hubbard JA, Smithmyer CM, Ramsden SR, Parker EH, Flanagan KD, Dearing KF, Relyea N, Simons RF (2002) Observational, physiological, and self-reported measures of children’s anger: relations to reactive versus proactive aggression. Child Dev 73:1101–1118 Ickes W (1984) Compositions in black and white: determinants of interaction in interracial diads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47:330–341 Jackson D, Wilkes L, Luck L (2014a) Cues that predict violence in the hospital setting. Collegian 21:65–70 Jackson D, Wilkes L, Waine M, Luck L (2014b) Determining the frequency, kinds, and cues of violence displayed by patients in an acute older person ward environment: findings from an observational study. Int J Older People Nursing 9:317–323 Johnson RR (2006) Confounding influences police detection of suspiciousness. J Crim Just 34:435–442 Johnson RR (2007) Race and police reliance on suspicious nonverbal cues. Policing IJPSM 30:277–290 Johnson RR (2015) Perceptions of interpersonal social cues predictive of violence among police officers who have been assaulted. J Police & Crim Psych 30:87–93 Johnson RR (2016) Show me your hands! Police and public perceptions of violent interpersonal cues. J Police & Crim Psych 1–11. Online first edition retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11896-016-9221-x Johnson RR, Aaron JL (2013) Adult’s beliefs regarding nonverbal cues predictive of violence. Crim Justice Behav 40:881–894 Johnson RR, Morgan MA (2013) Suspicion formation among police officers: an international literature review. Crim Justice Studies 26:99–114 Kahn KB, McMahon JM, Stewart G (2017) Misinterpreting danger? Stereotype threat, pre-attack indicators, and police-citizen interactions. J Police & Crim Psych 1–10. Online first edition retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11896-017-9233-1 LaFrance M, Mayo C (1976) Racial differences in gaze behavior during conversations: two systematic observational studies. J Pers Soc Psychol 33:547–552 Lipsky M (1980) Street-level bureaucracy: dilemmas of the individual in public services. Sage, Thousand Oaks Lomranz J (1976) Cultural variations in personal space. J Soc Psychol 99:21–27 Miller G, deTurck M, Kalbfleisch P (1983) Self-monitoring, rehearsal, and deceptive communication. Hum Commun Res 10:97–117 Navarro J, Karlins M (2008) What every body is saying: an ex-FBI agent’s guide to speed reading people. William Morrow Books, New York Nierenberg GI, Calero HH (1973) How to read a person like a book. Simon and Schuster, New York Pease B, Pease A (2006) The definitive book of body language: the hidden meaning behind people’s gestures and expressions. Bantam, New York Pinzotto AJ, Davis EF, Miller CE (2000) Officer’s perceptual shorthand: what messages are offenders sending to law enforcement officers? FBI LEB 71(7):1–6 Remsberg C (1986) The tactical edge: surviving high risk patrol. Calibre Press, Northbrook Roy JA (2013) Predictive behavioral cues of patient violence in the emergency department. Unpublished master’s thesis, Rhode Island College, Providence, RI. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.ric.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=school_of_nursing Shon PCH (2000) “Hey you, c’mere!” Subjectivisation, resistance, and the interpellative violence of self-generated police-citizen encounters. Int J Semiot Law 13:159–179 Shon PCH (2005) “I’d grab the s-o-b by his hair and yank him out the window”: the fraternal order of warnings and threats in police-citizen encounters. Discourse and Society 16:829–845 Shon PCH (2006) Brining the spoken words back in: conversationalizing (postmodernizing) police-citizen encounter research. Crit Criminol 11:151–172 Shon PCH, Arrigo BA (2007) Reality-based television and police-citizen encounters: the intertextual construction and situated meaning of mental illness-as-punishment. Punish & Society 8:69–86 Smith A (1983) Non-verbal communication among black female dyads: an assessment of intimacy, gender, and race. J Soc Issues 39:55–67 Stromwall L, Granhag P (2003) How to detect deception? Arresting the beliefs of police officers, prosecutors and judges. Psychol Crime Law 9:19–36 Vrij A (2008) Nonverbal dominance versus verbal accuracy in lie detection: a plea to change police practice. Crim Justice Behav 35:1323–1336 Vrij A, Dragt A, Koppelaar L (1992) Interviews with ethnic interviewees: non-verbal communication errors in impression formation. J Community Appl Soc Psychol 2:199–208 Vrij A, Heaven S (1999) Vocal and verbal indicators of deception as a function of lie complexity. Psychol Crime Law 5:203–215 Vrij A, Semin G (1996) Lie experts’ beliefs about non-verbal indicators of deception. J Nonverbal Behav 20:65–80 Wilkes L, Mohan S, Luck L, Jackson D (2010) Development of a violence tool in the emergency hospital setting. Nurse Res 17:70–81 Winkel F, Koppeleaar L, Vrij A (1988) Creating suspects in police-citizen encounters: two studies on personal space and being suspect. Soc Behav 3:307–318 Winkel F, Vrij A (1990) Interaction and impression formation in a cross-cultural dyad: frequency and meaning of culturally determined gaze behavior in a police interview setting. Soc Behav 5:335–350