Exploring low clozapine C/D ratios, inverted clozapine-norclozapine ratios and undetectable concentrations as measures of non-adherence in clozapine patients
Schizophrenia Research - 2023
Can-Jun Ruan1,2, Ismael Olmos3, Carina Ricciardi4, Georgios Schoretsanitis5,6,7, Philippe D. Vincent8,9,10, A. Elif Anıl Yağcıoğlu11, Chin B. Eap12,13,14,15, Trino Baptista16,17,18, Scott R. Clark19, Emilio Fernandez-Egea20,21, Se Hyun Kim22, Hsien-Yuan Lane23,24,25, Jonathan Leung26, Olalla Maroñas Amigo27,28,29, Mariano Motuca30, Susanna Every-Palmer31, Ric M. Procyshyn32,33, Christopher Rohde34,35, Satish Suhas36, Peter F.J. Schulte37,38
1The National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Lab of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
2Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
3Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Pharmacy Department, Vilardebó Hospital, Administración de Servicios de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay
4Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Outpatient Clinic, Vilardebó Hospital, Administración de Servicios de Salud, Montevideo, Uruguay
5Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
6The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
7Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, NY, USA
8Department of Pharmacy, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal (IUSMM), Montreal, Canada
9Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
10IUSMM Research Center, Montreal, Canada
11Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
12Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
13School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
14Center for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
15Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
16Department of Physiology, Los Andes University Medical School, Mérida, Venezuela
17Medical School, Anáhuac University, Querétaro, Mexico
18Neuroorigen, Querétaro, Mexico
19University of Adelaide, Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide, Australia
20Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
21Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Fulbourn, Cambridge, UK
22Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
23Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
24Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
25Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
26Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
27Genomic Medicine Group, Galician Public Foundation of Genomic Medicine (FPGMX), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
28Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
29Center for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
30Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine at Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
31Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
32Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
33British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
34Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
35Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
36Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
37Mental Health Services Noord-Holland-Noord, Alkmaar, Netherlands
38Dutch Clozapine Collaboration Group, Castricum, Netherlands