Expertise as Argument: Authority, Democracy, and Problem-Solving

Aristotle. 1960. Posterior analytics. Topica. (trans: Tredennick, H. and Forster, E.S.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Aristotle. 2004a. Rhetoric (trans: Rhys Roberts, W.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

Aristotle. 2004b. The Nicomachean ethics (trans: Thomson, J.A.K. and Tredennick, H.). London: Penguin Books.

Barry, S.R. 2009. Fixing my gaze: A scientist’s journey into seeing in three dimensions. New York: Basic Books.

Beck, U. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity (trans: Ritter, M.). London: Sage Publications.

Beck, U., A. Giddens, and S. Lash. 1994. Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bohman, J. 1996. Public deliberation: Pluralism, complexity, and democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Calhoun, C. 1993. Civil society and the public sphere. Public Culture 5: 267–280.

Cohen, J. 1997. Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In Deliberative democracy: Essays on reason and politics, ed. J. Bohman and W. Rehg, 67–91. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Collins, H.M., and R. Evans. 2002. The third wave of science studies: Studies of expertise and experience. Social Studies of Science 32: 235–296.

Cooper, J., and R. Cooper. 2001–2011. All about strabismus. http://www.strabismus.org/surgery_crossed_eyes.html .

Douglas, M., and A. Wildavsky. 1983. Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Dryzek, JS. 2002. Deliberative democracy and beyond: Liberals, critics, contestations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Einsiedel, E.F., E. Jelsøe, and T. Breck. 2001. Publics at the technology table: The consensus conference in Denmark, Canada, and Australia. Public Understanding of Science 10: 83–98.

Fishkin, J.S. 1991. Democracy and deliberation: New directions for democratic reform. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Gawande, A. 2010. Letting go. The New Yorker 85: 36–42.

Giddens, A. 1999. Risk and responsibility. Modern Law Review 62(1): 1–10.

Gutmann, A., and D.F. Thompson. 1996. Democracy and disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Habermas, J. 1984. The theory of communicative action, vol. 1 (trans: McCarthy, T.). Boston: Beacon Press.

Jonsen, A.R., and S.E. Toulmin. 1988. The abuse of casuistry: A history of moral reasoning. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Ku, A.S. 1998. Boundary politics in the public sphere: Openness, secrecy, and leak. Sociological Theory 16: 172–192.

Lippmann, W. 1922/1997. Public opinion. New York: Free Press.

Lippmann, W. 1925/1993. The phantom public. New York: Transaction Publishers.

Lowrance, W.W. 1976. Of acceptable risk: Science and the determination of safety. Los Altos, CA: W. Kaufmann.

Majdik, Z.P., and W.M. Keith. 2011. The problem of pluralistic expertise: A Wittgensteinian approach to the rhetorical basis of expertise. Social Epistemology 25(3) (Forthcoming).

Turner, S.P. 2003. Liberal democracy 3.0: Civil society in an age of experts. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

von Noorden, G.K., and E.C. Campos. 2001. Binocular vision and ocular motility: Theory and management of strabismus (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. http://www.cybersight.org/bins/content_page.asp?cid=1-2193 .

Welsh, S. 2002. Deliberative democracy and the rhetorical production of political culture. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 5: 679–707.

Willard, C.A. 1996. Liberalism and the problem of knowledge: A new rhetoric for modern democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philosophical investigations (trans: Anscombe, G.E.M.). New York: The Macmillan Company.