Experimental mucositis/gingivitis in persons aged 70 or over: microbiological findings and prediction of clinical outcome
Tóm tắt
To assess in persons aged 70 years or older the microbiological alterations occurring around implants and natural teeth during and after 3 weeks of undisturbed plaque accumulation. Furthermore, to test the predictive value of several markers at baseline for the extent of inflammation around implants and teeth after this period. Twenty partially edentulous participants with titanium implants refrained from oral hygiene practices while being clinically monitored in weekly intervals for 21 days. Teeth and implants were then cleaned, oral hygiene resumed, and the participants were further monitored. Levels of six subgingival plaque microorganisms, the plaque index (PI), and the gingival index (GI) were assessed before (baseline), during (days 0, 7, 14, 21), and after plaque accumulation (days 28, 42). Six microorganisms; demographic and clinical variables at day 0 were further evaluated as potential predictors for presence of GI > 1 at days 21 and 28. The detection frequency of the selected bacteria did not differ between implants and teeth at any time point. Bacteria counts decreased in the preparatory phase and increased in the plaque accumulation phase. Patterns observed at implants and teeth were similar. Only Parvimonas micra at day 21 reached significantly higher counts at implants than teeth. For the prediction of clinical outcome at day 21, in the multivariable model, only implant vs. tooth was significant indicator for the primary outcome (p = 0.01). Overall, the analysis of subgingival/submucosal samples revealed only minor differences between implants and teeth during the development and resolution of inflammation. Within the limitations of our study, with plaque accumulation, elders develop more inflammation around implants than around teeth, in spite of similar bacterial profiles.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB (1965) Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 36:177–187
Pontoriero R, Tonelli MP, Carnevale G, Mombelli A, Nyman SR, Lang NP (1994) Experimentally induced peri-implant mucositis. A clinical study in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 5:254–259
Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Marinello C, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B (1992) Soft tissue reaction to de novo plaque formation on implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res 3:1–8
Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T, Marinello CP, Lindhe J (2001) Experimental peri-implant mucositis in man. J Clin Periodontol 28(6):517–523
Salvi GE, Aglietta M, Eick S, Sculean A, Lang NP, Ramseier CA (2012) Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 23(2):182–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02220.x
Ramseier CA, Eick S, Bronnimann C, Buser D, Bragger U, Salvi GE (2015) Host-derived biomarkers at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12566
Nogueira-Filho G, Pesun I, Isaak-Ploegman C, Wijegunasinghe M, Wierzbicki T, McCulloch CA (2014) Longitudinal comparison of cytokines in peri-implant fluid and gingival crevicular fluid in healthy mouths. J Periodontol 85(11):1582–1588. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2014.130642
Ramseier CA, Eick S, Bronnimann C, Buser D, Bragger U, Salvi GE (2016) Host-derived biomarkers at teeth and implants in partially edentulous patients. A 10-year retrospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res 27(2):211–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12566
Theilade E (1996) The experimental gingivitis studies: the microbiological perspective. J Dent Res 75(7):1434–1438
Loesche WJ, Syed SA (1978) Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis; effect of plaque and gingivitis score. Infect Immun 21:830–839
Holm-Pedersen P, Agerbaek N, Theilade E (1975) Experimental gingivitis in young and elderly individuals. J Clin Periodontol 2:14–24
Fransson C, Berglundh T, Lindhe J (1996) The effect of age on the development of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 23:379–385
Zavala WD, Cavicchia JC (2006) Deterioration of the Langerhans cell network of the human gingival epithelium with aging. Arch Oral Biol 51(12):1150–1155
Hajishengallis G (2014) Aging and its impact on innate immunity and inflammation: implications for periodontitis. J Oral Biosci 56(1):30–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.job.2013.09.001
Preshaw PM, Henne K, Taylor JJ, Valentine RA, Conrads G (2017) Age-related changes in immune function (immune senescence) in caries and periodontal diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 44(Suppl 18):S153–S177. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12675
Srinivasan M, Meyer S, Mombelli A, Muller F (2017) Dental implants in the elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 28(8):920–930. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12898
Kay EJ, Locker D (1996) Is dental health education effective? A systematic review of current evidence. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 24(4):231–235
MacEntee MI (2005) Caring for elderly long-term care patients: oral health-related concerns and issues. Dent Clin N Am 49(2):429–443
Meyer S, Giannopoulou C, Courvoisier D, Schimmel M, Muller F, Mombelli A (2017) Experimental mucositis and experimental gingivitis in persons aged 70 or over. Clinical and biological responses. Clin Oral Implants Res 28(8):1005–1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/clr.12912
Loe H, Silness J (1963) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21:533–551
Silness J, Loe H (1964) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between Oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 22:121–135
Kozarov E, Sweier D, Shelburne C, Progulske-Fox A, Lopatin D (2006) Detection of bacterial DNA in atheromatous plaques by quantitative PCR. Microbes Infect 8(3):687–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.09.004
Shelburne CE, Prabhu A, Gleason RM, Mullally BH, Coulter WA (2000) Quantitation of Bacteroides forsythus in subgingival plaque comparison of immunoassay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Microbiol Methods 39(2):97–107
Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr (1998) Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol 25:134–144
Haubek D, Ennibi OK, Poulsen K, Vaeth M, Poulsen S, Kilian M (2008) Risk of aggressive periodontitis in adolescent carriers of the JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans in Morocco: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 371(9608):237–242
Quirynen M, Vogels R, Pauwels M, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Uzel NG, van Steenberghe D (2005) Initial subgingival colonization of ‘pristine’ pockets. J Dent Res 84(4):340–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400409
Botero JE, Gonzalez AM, Mercado RA, Olave G, Contreras A (2005) Subgingival microbiota in peri-implant mucosa lesions and adjacent teeth in partially edentulous patients. J Periodontol 76(9):1490–1495. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2005.76.9.1490
Salvi GE, Furst MM, Lang NP, Persson GR (2008) One-year bacterial colonization patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria at implants and adjacent teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res 19(3):242–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01470.x
Mombelli A, Van Oosten MAC, Schürch E, Lang NP (1987) The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2:145–151
Mombelli A, Décaillet F (2011) The characteristics of biofilms in peri-implant disease. J Clin Periodontol 38(Suppl 11):203–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01666.x
Dierens M, Vandeweghe S, Kisch J, Persson GR, Cosyn J, De Bruyn H (2013) Long-term follow-up of turned single implants placed in periodontally healthy patients after 16 to 22 years: microbiologic outcome. J Periodontol 84(7):880–894. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.120187
Salvi GE, Cosgarea R, Sculean A (2016) Prevalence and mechanisms of peri-implant diseases. J Dent Res 96:31–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034516667484
Koldsland OC, Scheie AA, Aass AM (2010) Prevalence of peri-implantitis related to severity of the disease with different degrees of bone loss. J Periodontol 81(2):231–238. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.090269
Derks J, Tomasi C (2015) Peri-implant health and disease. A systematic review of current epidemiology. J Clin Periodontol 42(Suppl 16):S158–S171. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12334
Shibli JA, Melo L, Ferrari DS, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Feres M (2008) Composition of supra- and subgingival biofilm of subjects with healthy and diseased implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 19(10):975–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01566.x
Maximo MB, de Mendonca AC, Renata Santos V, Figueiredo LC, Feres M, Duarte PM (2009) Short-term clinical and microbiological evaluations of peri-implant diseases before and after mechanical anti-infective therapies. Clin Oral Implants Res 20(1):99–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01618.x
Wade WG (2013) Detection and culture of novel oral bacteria. In: Jakubovics NS, Palmer RJ Jr (eds) Oral microbiology ecology - current research and new perspectives. Caister Academic press, Norfolk
Arweiler NB, Netuschil L (2016) The oral microbiota. Adv Exp Med Biol 902:45–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_4
Marsh PD (2015) Dental biofilms. In: Lang NP, Lindhe J (eds) Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. Wiley, Chichester
Charalampakis G, Belibasakis GN (2015) Microbiome of peri-implant infections: lessons from conventional, molecular and metagenomic analyses. Virulence 6(3):183–187. https://doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.980661
Dabdoub SM, Tsigarida AA, Kumar PS (2013) Patient-specific analysis of periodontal and peri-implant microbiomes. J Dent Res 92(12 Suppl):168S–175S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513504950
Kumar PS, Mason MR, Brooker MR, O’Brien K (2012) Pyrosequencing reveals unique microbial signatures associated with healthy and failing dental implants. J Clin Periodontol 39(5):425–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01856.x
Heuer W, Kettenring A, Stumpp SN, Eberhard J, Gellermann E, Winkel A, Stiesch M (2012) Metagenomic analysis of the peri-implant and periodontal microflora in patients with clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis. Clin Oral Investig 16(3):843–850
Esposito M, Hirsch J-M, Lekholm U, Thomsen P (1998) Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants (I). Success criteria and epidemiology. Eur J Oral Sci 106:527–551
Esposito M, Hirsch J-M, Lekholm U, Thomsen P (1998) Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants (II). Etiopathogenesis. Eur J Oral Sci 106:721–764
Syftestad GT, Urist MR (1982) Bone aging. Clin Orthop Relat Res (162):288–297
Tsigarida AA, Dabdoub SM, Nagaraja HN, Kumar PS (2015) The influence of smoking on the peri-implant microbiome. J Dent Res 94(9):1202–1217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515590581
Andjelkovic M, Sojic LT, Lemic AM, Nikolic N, Kannosh IY, Milasin J (2017) Does the prevalence of periodontal pathogens change in elderly edentulous patients after complete denture treatment? J Prosthodont 26(5):364–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopr.12402
Schimmel M (2018) Effect of advanced age, and/oir systemic medical condition on dental implant survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. Accepted March 2018
Stahringer SS, Clemente JC, Corley RP, Hewitt J, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Krauter KS (2012) Nurture trumps nature in a longitudinal survey of salivary bacterial communities in twins from early adolescence to early adulthood. Genome Res 22(11):2146–2152. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.140608.112
Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Costello EK, Berg-Lyons D, Gonzalez A, Stombaugh J, Knights D, Gajer P, Ravel J, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R (2011) Moving pictures of the human microbiome. Genome Biol 12(5):R50. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r50
David LA, Materna AC, Friedman J, Campos-Baptista MI, Blackburn MC, Perrotta A, Erdman SE, Alm EJ (2014) Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales. Genome Biol 15(7):R89. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2014-15-7-r89
Holm-Pedersen P, Folke LEA, Gawronski TH (1980) Composition and metabolic activity of dental plaque from healthy young and elderly individuals. J Dent Res 59:771–776
Fransson C, Mooney J, Kinane DF, Berglundh T (1999) Differences in the inflammatory response in young and old human subjects during the course of experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 26(7):453–460
Feres M, Teles F, Teles R, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M (2016) The subgingival periodontal microbiota of the aging mouth. Periodontol 72(1):30–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12136