Experimental Studies on the Effects of Ozone on Growth and Photosynthetic Activity of Japanese Forest Tree Species
Tóm tắt
Ozone (O3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants, and a phytotoxic anthropogenic air pollutant. In North America and Europe, the current concentration of O3 has been shown to have significant adverse effects on vegetation. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies on the effects of O3 on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species to understand the present knowledge and provide sound basis for future research toward the assessment of O3 impacts on Japanese forest ecosystem. Since the 1990s, several Japanese researchers have conducted the experimental studies on the effects of ambient levels of O3 on growth and physiological functions such as net photosynthesis of Japanese forest tree species. Although the sensitivity to O3 of whole-plant growth is quite different among the species, it was suggested that the current ambient levels of O3 in Japan are high enough to adversely affect growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species classified into high O3 sensitivity group such as Japanese beech. The N load to soil has been shown to reduce the sensitivity to O3 of Japanese larch and increase that of Japanese beech. To establish the critical level of O3 for protecting Japanese forest tree species, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the N deposition from the atmosphere. There is little information on the combined effects of O3 and other environmental factors such as elevated CO2 and drought on growth and physiological functions of Japanese forest tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the experimental study and accumulate the information on the combined effects of O3 and any other abiotic environmental factors on Japanese forest tree species.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aber, J.D., Nadelhoffer, K.J., Steudler, P., Melillo, J.M. (1989) Nitrogen saturation in Northern forest ecosystems. Bioscience 39, 378–386.
ADORC(Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center) (2006) Tropospheric ozone: A growing threat. ADORC (Acid Deposition and Oxidant Research Center), Niigata, Japan, pp. 1–16.
Aihara, K., Aso, T., Takeda, M., Koshiji, T. (2004) Actual condition of forest decline and approach (II) The phenomena of forest decline at Tanzawa Mountain in Kanagawa prefecture. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 39, A29–A39. (in Japanese)
Akimoto, H. (2003) Global air quality and pollution. Science 302, 1716–1719.
Andersen, C.P., Wilson, R., Plocher, M., Hogsett, W.E. (1997) Carry-over effects of ozone on root growth and carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine seedlings. Tree Physiology 17, 805–811.
Ashmore, M. (1993) Critical levels for ozone. In Critical levels of air pollutants for Europe (Ashmore, M. and Wilson, R.B. Eds), Egham, U. K, pp. 20–47.
Ashmore, M., Emberson, L., Karlsson, P.E., Pleijel, H. (2004) New directions: A new generation of ozone critical levels for the protection of vegetation in Europe. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2213–2214.
Bytnerowicz, A., Godzik, B., Grodzinska, K., Fraczek, W., Musselman, R., Manning, W., Badea, O., Popescu, F., Fleischer, P. (2004) Ambient ozone in forests of the Central and Eastern European Mountains. Environmental Pollution 130, 5–16.
Chappelka, A.H., Samuelson, L.J. (1998) Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the Eastern United States: A review. New Phytologist 139, 91–108.
Dentener, F., Stevenson, D., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T., Schultz, M., Amann, M., Atherton, C., Bell, N., Bergmann, D., Bey, I., Bouwman, L., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, B., Drevet, J., Doherty, R., Eickhout, B., Eskes, H., Fiore, A., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I.S.A., Josse, B., Lawrence, M., Krol, M., Lamarque, J.F., Montanaro, V., Müller, J.F., Peuch, V.H., Pitari, G., Pyle, J., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J., Sanderson, M., Savage, N.H., Shindell, D., Strahan, S., Szopa, S., Sudo, K., van Dingenen, R., Wild, O., Zeng, G. (2006) The global atmospheric environment for the next generation. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 3586–3594.
Derwent, R., Collins, W., Johnson, C., Stevenson, D. (2002) Global ozone concentrations and regional air quality. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 379–382.
Emberson, L.D., Wieser, G., Ashmore, M.R. (2000a) Modelling of stomatal conductance and ozone flux of Norway spruce: comparison with field data. Environmental Pollution 109, 393–402.
Emberson, L.D., Ashmore, M.R., Cambridge, H.M., Simpson, D., Tuovinen, J.-P. (2000b) Modelling stomatal ozone flux across Europe. Environmental Pollution 109, 403–413.
Emberson, L.D., Ashmore, M.R., Murray, F., Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Percy, K.E., Izuta, T., Zheng, Y., Shimizu, H., Sheu, B.H., Liu, C.P., Agrawal, M., Wahid, A., Abdel-Latif, N.M., van Tienhoven, A.M., de Bauer, L.I., Domingos, M. (2001) Impacts of air pollutants on vegetation in developing countries. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 130, 107–118.
EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) (2006a) Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants Vol. I, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, pp. E–1–34.
EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) (2006b) Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants Vol. III, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, pp. AX9–87–155.
Feller, U. (2004) Proteolysis. In Plant Cell Death Processes (Noodén, L.D. Eds.), Elsevier Science, California, USA, pp. 107–124.
Fujinuma, Y., Furukawa, A., Totsuka, T., Tazaki, T. (1987) Uptake of O3 by various street trees. Environment Control in Biology 25, 31–39.
Furukawa, A., Katase, M., Ushijima, T., Totsuka, T. (1983) Inhibition of photosynthesis of poplar species by ozone. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society 65, 321–326.
Furukawa, A. (1991) Inhibition of photosynthesis of Populus euramericana and Helianthus annuus by SO2, NO2 and O3. Ecological Research 6, 79–86.
Galloway, J.N., Aber, J.D., Erisman, J.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Howarth, R.W., Cowling, E.B., Cosby, B.N. (2003) The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience 53, 341–356.
Galloway, J.N., Dentener, F.J., Capone, D.G., Boyer, E.W., Howarth, R.W., Seitzinger, S.P., Asner, G.P., Cleveland, C.C., Green, P.A., Holland, E.A., Karl, D.M., Michaels, A.F., Porter, J.H., Townsend, A.R., Vörösmarty, C.J. (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry 70, 153–226.
Hoshika, Y., Hajima, T., Shimizu, Y., Takigawa, M., Omasa, K. (2009) Effect of growing season on ozone stomatal flux for deciduous forests in East Asia. Eco-Engineering 21, 3–8.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2001) Climate change 2001: the scientific basis, University Press, Cambridge, pp. 196.
Izuta, T. (1998) Ecophysiological responses of Japanese forest tree species to ozone, simulated acid rain and soil acidification. Journal of Plant Research 111, 471–480.
Izuta, T. (2002) Studies on the effects of ozone and acid deposition on Japanese crop plants and forest tree species. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 37, 81–95. (in Japanese with English summary)
Izuta, T., Umemoto, M., Horie, K., Aoki, M., Totsuka, T. (1996) Effects of ambient levels of ozone on growth, gas exchange rates and chlorophyll contents of Fagus crenata seedlings. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 31, 95–105.
Izuta, T., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Shimizu H. (2001) Experimental studies on the effects of acid deposition on forest tree species. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 36, 137–155. (in Japanese with English summary)
Karlsson, P.E., Uddling, J., Braun, S., Broadmeadow, M., Elvira, S., Gimeno, B.S., Thiec, D.L., Oksanen, E., Vandermeiren, K., Wilkinson, M., Emberson, L. (2004) New critical levels for ozone effects on young trees based on AOT40 and simulated cumulative leaf uptake of ozone. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2283–2294.
Khiem, M., Ooka, R., Hayami, H., Yoshikado, H., Huang, H., Kawamoto Y. (2010) Process analysis of ozone formation under different weather conditions over the Kanto region of Japan using the MM5/CMAQ modelling system. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4463–4473.
Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Schöpp, W., Amann, M., Streets, D.G., Ichikawa, Y., Fujita S. (2001) Projections of SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC emissions in East Asia up to 2030. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 130, 193–198.
Kohno, Y., Matsumura, H., Ishii, T., Izuta T. (2005) Establishing critical levels of air pollutants for protecting East Asian vegetation-A challenge. In Plant responses to air pollution and global change ({euOmasa, K., Nouchi, I. and De Kok, L.J.} Eds), Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 243–250.
Kohno, Y., Suto, H., Ishii, T., Aihara, K., Uchiyama Y. (2007) Concentration and AOT40 of ozone in Tanzawa Mountains and its potential effect on Japanse beech forests. In Results of the Scientific Research on the Tanzawa Mountains (The Research Group of the Tanzawa Mountains Eds), Hiraoka Environmental Science Laboratory, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, pp. 383–395. (in Japanese with English summary)
Kume, A., Numata, S., Watanabe, K., Honoki, H., Nakajima, H., Ishida M. (2009) Influence of air pollution on the mountain forests along the Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine route. Ecological Research 24, 821–830.
Kuno, H. (1979) Effects of photochemical oxidant on the growth of poplar cuttings I. Journal of Japan Society for Air Pollution 14, 265–274. (in Japanese with English summary)
Kuno, H. (1980) Effects of photochemical oxidant on the growth of poplar cuttings II. Journal of Japan Society for Air Pollution 15, 155–162. (in Japanese with English summary)
Maruta, E., Shima, K., Horie, K., Aoki, M., Dokiya, Y., Izuta, T., Totsuka, T., Yokoi, Y., Sakata, T. (1999) Forest decline of Fagus crenata at Mt. Hinokiboramaru (Tannzawa, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan) and acid deposition. Environmental Sciences 12, 241–250. (in Japanese)
Matsumoto, Y., Maruyama, Y., Morikawa, Y., Inoue, T. (1992) Some negative results of simulative acid mist and ozone treatments to Cryptomeria japonica D. Don seedlings in explanation of mature C. japonica decline in the Kanto plains in Japan. Japanese Journal for Forest Environment 34, 85–97. (in Japanese with English summary)
Matsumura, H. (2001) Impacts of ambient ozone and/or acid mist on the growth of 14 tree species: an open-top chamber study conducted in Japan. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 130, 959–964.
Matsumura, H., Aoki, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T., Totsuka T. (1996) Effects of ozone on dry weight growth and gas exchange rate of Japanese cedar, Japanese cypress and Japanese zelkova seedlings. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 31, 247–261. (in Japanese with English summary)
Matsumura, H., Kobayashi, T., Kohno, Y. (1998) Effects of ozone and/or simulated acid rain on dry weight growth and gas exchange rates of Japanese cedar, Nikko fir, Japanese white birch and Japanese zelkova seedlings. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 33, 16–35. (in Japanese with English summary)
Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y. (1999) Impact of O3 and/or SO2 on the growth of young trees of 17 tree species: an open-top chamber study conducted in Japan. In Critical Levels for Ozone-Level II, Environmental Documentation No. 115 (Fuhrer, J. and Achermann, B. Eds), Swiss Agency for Environment, Forest and Landscape (SAFEL), Bern, Switzerland, pp. 187–192.
Matsumura, H., Mikami, C., Sakai, Y., Murayama, K., Izuta, T., Yonekura, T., Miwa, M., Kohno, Y. (2005) Impacts of elevated O3 and/or CO2 on growth of Betula platyphylla, Betula ermanii, Fagus crenata, Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica seedlings. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 60, 1121–1124.
Matsushima, J., Kawai, T., Oodaira, T., Sawada, T., Nouchi, I. (1977) Comparisons of fine structures of zelkova leaves with no visual injury fumigated with ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ethylene. Journal of Japan Society for Air Pollution 11, 360–369. (in Japanese with English summary)
Mills, G., Pleijel, H., Büker, P., Braun, S., Emberson, L., Harmens, H., Hayes, F., Simpson, D., Grünhage, L., Karlsson, P.-E., Danielsson, H., Bermejo, V., Fernandez, I.G. (2010) Mapping critical levels for vegetation-Revision undertaken in summer, 2010, to include new flux-based critical levels and response functions for ozone. In Mapping Manual 2004 (Spranger, T. Ed), UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, pp. III–4–57.
Miwa, M., Izuta, T., Totsuka, T. (1993) Effects of simulated acid rain and/or ozone on the growth of Japanese cedar seedlings. Journal of Japan Society for Air Pollution 28, 279–287. (in Japanese with English summary)
Nakaji, T., Izuta T. (2001) Effects of ozone and/or excess soil nitrogen on growth, needle gas exchange rates and Rubisco contents of Pinus densiflora seedlings. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 130, 971–976.
Nakaji, T., Kobayashi, T., Kuroha, M., Omori, K., Matsumoto, Y., Yonekura, T., Watanabe, K., Utriainen, J., Izuta, T. (2004) Growth and nitrogen availability of red pine seedlings under high nitrogen load and elevated ozone. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 4, 277–287.
Network Center for EANET (2011) Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) Data report 2009, Network Center for EANET, Niigata, Japan, pp. 15–206.
Nihlgård, B. (1985) The ammonium hypothesis-an additional explanation to the forest dieback in Europe. AMBIO 14, 2–8.
Nouchi, I. (2002) Responses of whole plants to air pollutants. In Air pollution and plant biotechnology-Prospects for phytomonitoring and phytoremediation (Omasa, K., Saji, H., Youssefian, S. and Kondo, N. Eds), Springer-Verlag Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3–39.
Nouchi, I., Odaira, T. (1973a) Influence of ozone on plant pigments. Journal of Japan Society for Air Pollution 8, 120–125. (in Japanese with English summary)
Nouchi, I., Odaira, T., Sawada, T., Oguchi, K., Komeji, T. (1973b) Plant ozone injury symptoms. Journal of Japan Society for Air Pollution 8, 113–119. (in Japanese with English summary)
Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., Hayasaka, T. (2007) An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, 6843–6902.
Oksanen, E., Saleem, A. (1999) Ozone exposure results in various carry-over effects and prolonged reduction in biomass in birch (Betula pendula Roth). Plant, Cell and Environment 22, 1401–1411.
Paoletti, E., Schaub, M., Matyssek, R., Wieser, G., Augustaitis, A., Bastrup-Birk, A.M., Bytnerowicz, A., Gunthardt-Goerg, M.S., Muller-Starck, G., Serengil, Y. (2010) Advances of air pollution science: From forest decline to multiple-stress effects on forest ecosystem services. Environmental Pollution 158, 1986–1989.
Pearson, M., Mansfield, T.A. (1994) Effects of exposure to ozone and water stress on the following season’s growth of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). New Phytologist 126, 511–515.
Richter, A., Burrows, J.P., Nüß, H., Granier, C., Niemeier, U. (2005) Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space. Nature 437, 129–132.
Sandermann, H., Wellburn, A.R., Heath, R.L. (1997) Forest decline and Ozone: Synopsis. In Forest decline and Ozone (Sandermann, H., Wellburn, A.R. and Heath, R.L. Eds), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 369–377.
Schulze, E.-D. (1989) Air pollution and forest decline in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Science 244, 776–783.
Skarby, L., Ro-Poulsen, H., Wellburn, F.A.M., Sheppard, L.J. (1998) Impacts of ozone on forests: a European perspective. New Phytologist 139, 109–122.
Spreitzer, R.J., Salvucci, M.E. (2002) Rubisco: Structure, regulatory interactions, and possibilities for a better enzyme. Annual Review of Plant Biology 53: 449–475.
Suto, H., Hattori, Y., Tanaka, N., Kohno, Y. (2008) Effects of strong wind and ozone on localized tree decline in the Tanzawa Mountains of Japan. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 2, 81–89.
Takeda, M., Aihara, K. (2007) Effects of ambient ozone concentrations on beech (Fagus crenanta) seedlings in the Tanzawa Mountains, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 42, 107–117. (in Japanese with English summary)
Vitousek, P.M., Howarth, R.W. (1991) Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13, 87–115.
Watanabe, M., Yonekura, T., Honda, Y., Yoshidome, M., Nakaji, T., Izuta, T. (2005) Effects of ozone and soil water stress, singly and in combination, on leaf antioxidative systems of Fagus crenata seedlings. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 60, 1105–1108.
Watanabe, M., Yamaguchi, M., Iwasaki, M., Matsuo, N., Naba, J., Tabe, C., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T. (2006) Effects of ozone and/or nitrogen load on the growth of Larix kaempferi, Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica seedlings. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 41, 320–334.
Watanabe, M., Yamaguchi, M., Tabe, C., Iwasaki, M., Yamashita, R., Funada, R., Fukami, M., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T. (2007) Influences of nitrogen load on the growth and photosynthetic responses of Quercus serrata seedlings to O3. Trees 21, 421–432.
Watanabe, M., Yamaguchi, M., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T. (2008) Effects of ozone on the growth and photosynthesis of Castanopsis sieboldii seedlings grown under different nitrogen loads. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 64, 143–155.
Watanabe, M., Umemoto-Yamaguchi, M., Koike, T., Izuta, T. (2010) Growth and photosynthetic response of Fagus crenata seedlings to ozone and/or elevated carbon dioxide. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 6, 181–190.
Yamaguchi, M., Watanabe, M., Matsuo, N., Naba, J., Funada, R., Fukami, M., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T. (2007a) Effects of nitrogen supply on the sensitivity to O3 of growth and photosynthesis of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) seedlings. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus 7, 131–136.
Yamaguchi, M., Watanabe, M., Iwasaki, M., Tabe, C., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T. (2007b) Growth and photosynthetic responses of Fagus crenata seedlings to O3 under different nitrogen loads. Trees 21, 707–718.
Yamaguchi, M., Watanabe, M., Matsumura, H., Kohno, Y., Izuta, T. (2010) Effects of ozone on nitrogen metabolism in the leaves of Fagus crenata seedlings under different soil nitrogen loads. Trees 24, 175–184.
Yamaji, K., Ohara, T., Uno, I., Tanimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Akimoto, H. (2006) Analysis of the seasonal variation of ozone in the boundary layer in East Asia using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model: What controls surface ozone levels over Japan? Atmospheric Environment 40, 1856–1868.
Yamaji, K., Ohara, T., Uno, I., Kurokawa, J., Pochanart, P., Akimoto, H. (2008) Future prediction of surface ozone over east Asia using Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System and Regional Emission Inventory in Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, D08306.
Yonekura, T., Dokiya, Y., Fukami, M., Izuta, T. (2001a) Effects of ozone and/or soil water stress on growth and photosynthesis of Fagus crenata seedlings. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 130, 965–970.
Yonekura, T., Honda, Y., Oksanen, E., Yoshidome, M., Watanabe, M., Funada, R., Koike, T., Izuta, T. (2001b) The influences of ozone and soil water stress, singly and in combination, on leaf gas exchange rates, leaf ultrastructural characteristics and annual ring width of Fagus crenata seedlings. Journal of Japan Society for Atmospheric Environment 36, 333–351.
Yonekura, T., Yoshidome, M., Watanabe, M., Honda, Y., Ogiwara, I., Izuta T. (2004) Carry-over effects of ozone and water stress on leaf phenological characteristics and bud frost hardiness of Fagus crenata seedlings. Trees 18, 581–588.