Exotic pet suitability: Understanding some problems and using a labeling system to aid animal welfare, environment, and consumer protection

AAP Abbott, 2012, Increase in extraintestinal infections caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies II–IV, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 18, 637, 10.3201/eid1804.111386 Akhtar, 2012 Altherr, 2001 APA APA APPA Arena Ashley, 2014, Morbidity and mortality of invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and mammals at a major exotic companion animal wholesaler, J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci., 17, 1 ASPCA Auliya, 2003 AVMA, 2015, Understanding companion animal practitioners’ attitudes toward antimicrobial stewardship, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 247, 883, 10.2460/javma.247.8.883 Barker, 2003, Effect of aquariums on electroconvulsive therapy patients, Anthrozoös, 16, 229, 10.2752/089279303786992071 Biondo, 2017, Quantifying the trade in marine ornamental fishes into Switzerland and an estimation of imports from the European Union, Glob. Ecol. Conserv., 11, 95, 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.05.006 Birdlife International Böhm, 2013, The conservation status of the world’s reptiles, Biol. Conserv., 157, 372, 10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.015 Brighton & Hove City Council Brown, 2004, Emerging zoonoses and pathogens of public health significance - an overview, Rev. Sci. Tech., 23, 435, 10.20506/rst.23.2.1495 Brugere-Picoux, 2009, Importation of tropical diseases to Europe via animals and animal products: risks and pathways, Bull. Acad. Natl. Med., 193, 1805 Burghardt, 2013, Environmental enrichment and cognitive complexity in reptiles and amphibians: concepts, review, and implications for captive populations, J. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 147, 286, 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.04.013 Burghardt, 2015, Play in fishes, frogs and reptiles, Curr. Biol., 25, 9, 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.027 Burghardt, 2017, Keeping reptiles and amphibians as pets: challenges and rewards, Vet. Rec., 181, 447, 10.1136/vr.j4912 BVZS CAWC, 2003 CDC CDC Cherniack, 2014, The benefit of pets and animal-assisted therapy to the health of older individuals, Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res., 2014, 623203, 10.1155/2014/623203 Chomel, 2007, Wildlife, exotic pets and emerging zoonoses, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 13, 6, 10.3201/eid1301.060480 DoH DoH DoH EDF Enfield Council, 2018. Available at: https://governance.enfield.gov.uk/documents/s54325/Pet%20Shop%20Lic%20Comm%20report%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed February 14 2018. Fischer, 2015, 32 FPH Friedmann, 2011, Physiological correlates of health benefits from pets, 163 FSA Grant, 2017, ExNOTic: Should we be keeping exotic pets?, Animals, 7, 1 Hale, 2012, Estimates of enteric illness attributable to contact with animals and their environments in the United States, Clin. Infect. Dis., 54, S472, 10.1093/cid/cis051 Headey, 1999, Health benefits and health cost savings due to pets: Preliminary estimates from an Australian national survey, Soc. Indic. Res., 47, 233, 10.1023/A:1006892908532 Henderson, 2011 Howell, 2016, Pet cat management practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia, J. Vet. Behav.: Clin. Appl. Res., 11, 42, 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.10.006 Howell, 2016, Pet dog management practices among a representative sample of owners in Victoria, Australia, J. Vet. Behav.: Clin. Appl. Res., 12, 4, 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.12.005 Howell, 2017, Despite their best efforts, pet lizard owners in Victoria, Australia, are not fully compliant with lizard care guidelines and may not meet all lizard welfare needs, J. Vet. Behav.: Clin. Appl. Res., 21, 26, 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.07.005 HPA IUCN Jessop, 2014, Pets: to keep or not to keep – perhaps EMODE has the answer, Vet. Times, 44, 23 Jones, 2008, Global trends in emerging infectious disease, Nature, 451, 990, 10.1038/nature06536 Karesh, 2007, Implications of wildlife trade on the movement of avian influenza and other infectious diseases, J. Wildl. Dis., 43, 55 Keller, 2011, Invasive species in Europe: Ecology, status, and policy, Environ. Sci. Eur., 23, 23, 10.1186/2190-4715-23-23 Koene, 2016, Behavioral ecology of captive species: using bibliographic information to assess pet suitability of mammal species, Front. Vet. Sci., 3, 35,, 10.3389/fvets.2016.00035 Kohler, 2010, Der ‘Schildkrötentest’: das neue Gesundheitsprojekt für engagierte Mitglieder, Elaphe, 2, 57 Krautwald-Junghanns, 2017, Haltung exotischer und wild lebender Vögel und Reptilien in Privathand, Deutsches Tierärzteblatt, 65, 1644 Kubiak, 2018, Invasive alien species legislation: A veterinary perspective, Companion Anim., 23, 44, 10.12968/coan.2018.23.1.44 Laidlaw Langton, 2011, On the distribution, ecology and management of non-native reptiles and amphibians in the London area. Part 1. Distribution and predator/prey impacts, Naturalist, 90, 83 Leite-Martins, 2015, Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in faecal enterococci from vet-visiting pets and assessment of risk factors, Vet. Rec., 176, 674, 10.1136/vr.102888 McBride, 2017, Small prey species’ behavior and welfare: implications for veterinary professionals, J. Small Anim. Pract., 58, 423, 10.1111/jsap.12681 Mellor, 2016, Updating animal welfare thinking: moving beyond the “five freedoms” towards “a life worth living”, Animals, 6, 21, 10.3390/ani6030021 Mellor, 2015, Extending the ‘five domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states, Anim. Welf., 24, 241, 10.7120/09627286.24.3.241 Mermin, 2004, Reptiles, amphibians, and human Salmonella infection: A population-based, case-control study, Clin. Infect. Dis., 38, S253, 10.1086/381594 Moorhouse, 2017, Information could reduce consumer demand for exotic pets, Conserv Lett, 10, 337, 10.1111/conl.12270 Morris Murphy, 2015, Reptile-associated salmonellosis in children aged under 5 years in South West England, Arch. Dis. Child, 100, 364, 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306134 Natusch, 2012, Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New Guinea, Biodivers. Conserv., 21, 2899, 10.1007/s10531-012-0345-8 Pajarskaite, 2012, 71 Pasmans, 2017, Future of keeping pet reptiles and amphibians: towards integrating animal welfare, human health and environmental sustainability, Vet. Rec., 181, 450,, 10.1136/vr.104296 Peacock, 2012, Mental health implications of human attachment to companion animals, J. Clin. Psychol., 68, 292, 10.1002/jclp.20866 Pees, 2014, Evaluation of the husbandry conditions of reptile species commonly kept in Germany, Kleintierpraxis, 59, 477 PFMA Praud, 2010, 31 RCVS, 2018. Available at: https://knowledge.rcvs.org.uk/library-and-information-services/keeping-up-with-your-pdp-and-cpd/topics-in-focus/animals-as-pets–easy-or-difficult-to-keep/. Accessed February 14 2018. Rose, 2014, Neurological dysfunction in a ball python (Python regius) colour morph and implications for welfare, J. Exot. Pet. Med., 23, 234, 10.1053/j.jepm.2014.06.002 RSPCA RSPCA RSPCA RSPCA Schuppli, 2000, A framework for assessing the suitability of different species as companion animals, Anim. Welf., 9, 359, 10.1017/S0962728600022958 Schuppli, 2014, Welfare of non-traditional pets, Rev. Sci. Tech., 33, 221, 10.20506/rst.33.1.2287 Serpell, 2015, The human-animal bond, 81 Smart Smith, 2012, Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products, PLoS One, 7, e29505, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 Smith, 2017, Summarizing US wildlife trade with an eye toward assessing the risk of infectious disease introduction, EcoHealth, 14, 29, 10.1007/s10393-017-1211-7 Test Valley Borough Council, 2018. Available at: https://www.testvalley.gov.uk/housingandenvironmentalhealth/animalwelfare/pets/pet-ownership-the-emode-system. Accessed February 14 2018. The Netherlands Government Toland, 2012, The exotic pet trade: Pet hate, Biologist, 59, 14 Toland, E., Warwick, C., Arena, P. C., Steedman, C. (unpublished manuscript in preparation) Premature Mortality Rates in Exotic Pet Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles in the UK. n.d. Traffic, 2012 Unger, 2017, Imported reptiles as a risk factor for the global distribution of Escherichia coli harbouring the colistin resistance gene mcr-1, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 49, 122, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.007 Vilà, 2010, How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan- European, cross-taxa assessment, Front. Ecol. Environ., 8, 135, 10.1890/080083 Vonk, 2016, Not so cold-blooded: narcissistic and borderline personality traits predict attachment to traditional and non-traditional pets, Anthrozoös, 29, 627, 10.1080/08927936.2016.1228762 Warwick, 2013, Assessing reptile welfare using behavioral criteria, Practice, 35, 123, 10.1136/inp.f1197 Warwick, 2014, The morality of the reptile “pet” trade, J. Anim. Ethics, 4, 74, 10.5406/janimalethics.4.1.0074 Warwick, 2015, How the exotic pet business as changed from ancient times – and it’s not good news, Vet. Pract., 21, 27 Warwick Warwick, 2013, Managing patients for zoonotic disease in hospitals, J. R. Soc. Med. Sh. Rep., 4, 1 Warwick, 2012, Injuries, envenomations and stings from exotic pets, J. R. Soc. Med, 105, 296, 10.1258/jrsm.2012.110295 Warwick, 2016, Welfare of exotic pets, Vet. Rec., 178, 640, 10.1136/vr.i3350 Warwick, 2012, A review of captive exotic animal-linked zoonoses, J. Environ. Health Res., 12, 9 Warwick, 2014, Assigning degrees of ease or difficulty for pet animal maintenance: the EMODE system concept, J. Agric. Environ. Ethics, 27, 87, 10.1007/s10806-013-9455-x Warwick, 2017, The future of keeping pet reptiles and amphibians: animal welfare and public health perspective, Vet. Rec., 181, 454, 10.1136/vr.j4640 Webster, 1994, Assessment of animal welfare: The five freedoms, 10 Wensley, 2014, Welfare of exotic pets, Vet. Rec., 178, 540, 10.1136/vr.i2814 Whitehead, 2016, Welfare of exotic pets, Vet. Rec., 178, 477, 10.1136/vr.i2517 Whitehead, 2013, Keeping exotic pets, Vet. Rec., 173, 558, 10.1136/vr.f7212 Whitehead, 2015, Suitability of species kept as pets, Vet. Rec., 177, 573, 10.1136/vr.h6496 Williams, 2016, Availability of information on reptile health and welfare from stores selling reptiles, Open J. Vet. Med., 6, 59, 10.4236/ojvm.2016.63007 Yan, 2016, Saving Nemo – Reducing mortality rates of wild-caught ornamental fish, Live Reef Fish Information Bull., 21, 3 ZZF