Exosomal PD-L1: Roles in Tumor Progression and Immunotherapy

Ruivo, 2017, The biology of cancer exosomes: insights and new perspectives, Cancer Res., 77, 6480, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-0994 Lasser, 2013, Identification and analysis of circulating exosomal microRNA in human body fluids, Methods Mol. Biol., 1024, 109, 10.1007/978-1-62703-453-1_9 Boukouris, 2015, Exosomes in bodily fluids are a highly stable resource of disease biomarkers, Proteomics Clin. Appl., 9, 358, 10.1002/prca.201400114 Barile, 2017, Exosomes: therapy delivery tools and biomarkers of diseases, Pharmacol. Ther., 174, 63, 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.020 Borghaei, 2015, Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer, New Engl. J. Med., 373, 1627, 10.1056/NEJMoa1507643 Yang, 2018, Exosomal PD-L1 harbors active defense function to suppress T cell killing of breast cancer cells and promote tumor growth, Cell Res., 28, 862, 10.1038/s41422-018-0060-4 Poggio, 2019, Suppression of exosomal PD-L1 induces systemic anti-tumor immunity and memory, Cell, 177, 414, 10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.016 Kim, 2019, Exosomal PD-L1 promotes tumor growth through immune escape in non-small cell lung cancer, Exp. Mol. Med., 51, 94, 10.1038/s12276-019-0295-2 Chen, 2018, Exosomal PD-L1 contributes to immunosuppression and is associated with anti-PD-1 response, Nature, 560, 382, 10.1038/s41586-018-0392-8 Cordonnier, 2020, Tracking the evolution of circulating exosomal-PD-L1 to monitor melanoma patients, J. Extracell. Vesicles, 9, 10.1080/20013078.2019.1710899 Theodoraki, 2019, Circulating exosomes measure responses to therapy in head and neck cancer patients treated with cetuximab, ipilimumab, and IMRT, Oncoimmunology, 8, 10.1080/2162402X.2019.1593805 Monypenny, 2018, ALIX regulates tumor-mediated immunosuppression by controlling EGFR activity and PD-L1 presentation, Cell Rep., 24, 630, 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.066 Theodoraki, 2018, Clinical significance of PD-L1+ exosomes in plasma of head and neck cancer patients, Clin. Cancer Res., 24, 896, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2664 Ricklefs, 2018, Immune evasion mediated by PD-L1 on glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles, Sci. Adv., 4, 10.1126/sciadv.aar2766 Chin, 2016, Cancer tills the premetastatic field: mechanistic basis and clinical implications, Clin. Cancer Res., 22, 3725, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0028 Ludwig, 2018, Potential roles of tumor-derived exosomes in angiogenesis, Expert Opin. Ther. Targets, 22, 409, 10.1080/14728222.2018.1464141 Lux, 2019, c-Met and PD-L1 on circulating exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic markers for pancreatic cancer, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20, 10.3390/ijms20133305 Peinado, 2012, Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET, Nat. Med., 18, 883, 10.1038/nm.2753 Wen, 2016, The biodistribution and immune suppressive effects of breast cancer-derived exosomes, Cancer Res., 76, 6816, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-0868 Sharma, 2020, Melanoma cell-derived exosomes in plasma of melanoma patients suppress functions of immune effector cells, Sci. Rep., 10, 92, 10.1038/s41598-019-56542-4 Gabrusiewicz, 2018, Glioblastoma stem cell-derived exosomes induce M2 macrophages and PD-L1 expression on human monocytes, Oncoimmunology, 7, 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1412909 Hoshino, 2015, Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis, Nature, 527, 329, 10.1038/nature15756 Gyukity-Sebestyén, 2019, Melanoma-derived exosomes induce PD-1 overexpression and tumor progression via mesenchymal stem cell oncogenic reprogramming, Front. Immunol., 10, 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02459 Haderk, 2017, Tumor-derived exosomes modulate PD-L1 expression in monocytes, Sci. Immunol., 2, 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah5509 Liu, 2019, Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes liver cancer cells to release exosomal miR-23a-3p and up-regulate programmed death ligand 1 expression in macrophages, Hepatology, 70, 241, 10.1002/hep.30607 Pacheco, 2019, A changing of the guard: immune checkpoint inhibitors with and without chemotherapy as first line treatment for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, Front. Oncol., 9, 195, 10.3389/fonc.2019.00195 Alencar, 2019, Immune-checkpoint inhibition as first-line therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma, Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol., 16, 599, 10.1038/s41571-019-0255-8 Hodi, 2018, Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone versus ipilimumab alone in advanced melanoma (CheckMate 067): 4-year outcomes of a multicentre, randomised, Phase 3 trial, Lancet Oncol., 19, 1480, 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30700-9 Ribas, 2016, Association of pembrolizumab with tumor response and survival among patients with advanced melanoma, JAMA, 315, 1600, 10.1001/jama.2016.4059 Nishida-Aoki, 2017, Disruption of circulating extracellular vesicles as a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer metastasis, Mol. Ther., 25, 181, 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.10.009 Liu, 2016, Tumor exosomal RNAs promote lung pre-metastatic niche formation by activating alveolar epithelial TLR3 to recruit neutrophils, Cancer Cell, 30, 243, 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.06.021 Wu, 2016, Exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells activate NF-κB pathway in macrophages to promote cancer progression, Tumour Biol., 37, 12169, 10.1007/s13277-016-5071-5 Chow, 2014, Macrophage immunomodulation by breast cancer-derived exosomes requires toll-like receptor 2-mediated activation of NF-κB, Sci. Rep., 4, 5750, 10.1038/srep05750