Exercise during pregnancy has a preventative effect on excessive maternal weight gain and gestational diabetes. A randomized controlled trial

Artal, 2003, Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period, Br J Sports Med, 37, 6, 10.1136/bjsm.37.1.6 Gillman, 2003, Maternal gestational diabetes, birthweigt, and adolescent obesity, Pediatrics, 111, 221, 10.1542/peds.111.3.e221 Fraser, 2010, Association of maternal weight gain in pregnancy with offspring obesity and metabolic and vascular traits in childhood, Circulation, 121, 2557, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.906081 Ali, 2018, Excessive gestational weight gain in first trimester is a risk factor for exacerbation of asthma during pregnancy: a prospective study of 1283 pregnancies, J Allergy Clin Immunol, 141, 761, 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.040 Liu, 2017, Maternal and cord blood fatty acid patterns with excessive gestational weight gain and neonatal macrosomia, Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 26, 291 Jharap, 2017, Associations of maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy with subcutaneous fat mass in infancy, Early Hum Dev, 108, 23, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.03.006 Subhan, 2017, Higher pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive gestational weight gain are risk factors for rapid weight gain in infants, Matern Child Health J, 21, 1396, 10.1007/s10995-016-2246-z Blackwell, 2016, Relationship between excessive gestational weight gain and neonatal adiposity in women with mild gestational diabetes mellitus, Obstet Gynecol, 128, 1325, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001773 American Diabetes Association, 2011, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 34, S62, 10.2337/dc11-S062 HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, 2010, Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study: associations with maternal body mass index, BJOG, 117, 575, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02486.x Chu, 2007, Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 30, 2070, 10.2337/dc06-2559a Nery, 2017, Effectiveness of resistance exercise compared to aerobic exercise without insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis, Braz J Phys Ther, 21, 400, 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.06.004 Kaaja, 2008, Gestational diabetes: pathogenesis and consequences to mother and offspring, Rev Diabet Stud, 5, 194, 10.1900/RDS.2008.5.194 Chen, 2015, Gestational weight gain trend and population attributable risks of adverse fetal growth outcomes in Ohio, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 29, 346, 10.1111/ppe.12197 Eades, 2017, Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in Europe: a meta-analysis, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 129, 173, 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.030 American Diabetes Association, 2010, Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2010, Diabetes Care, 33, S11, 10.2337/dc10-S011 Luoto, 2010, Prevention of gestational diabetes: design of a cluster-randomized controlled trial and one-year follow-up, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 10, 39, 10.1186/1471-2393-10-39 2010, International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, Diabetes Care, 33, 676, 10.2337/dc09-1848 Dabelea, 2005, Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) over time and by birth cohort: Kaiser Permanente of Colorado GDM Screening Program, Diabetes Care, 28, 579, 10.2337/diacare.28.3.579 Kjos, 2000, Postpartum care of the woman with diabetes, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 43, 75, 10.1097/00003081-200003000-00008 Ogle, 2013, Gestational diabetes: real risks beyond the controversy, Midwifery Today Int Midwife, 57 Jang, 1997, Increased macrosomia and perinatal morbidity independent of maternal obesity and advanced age in Korean women with GDM, Diabetes Care, 20, 1582, 10.2337/diacare.20.10.1582 Hapo Study Cooperative Research Group, 2008, Hyperglycaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, N Eng J Med, 358, 1991, 10.1056/NEJMoa0707943 Sepe, 1985, Gestational diabetes: incidence, maternal characteristics, and perinatal outcome, Diabetes, 34, 13, 10.2337/diab.34.2.S13 Schaefer, 1997, Congenital malformations in offspring of women with hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 177, 1165, 10.1016/S0002-9378(97)70035-8 Schmidt, 2001, Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed with a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test and adverse pregnancy outcomes, Diabetes Care, 24, 1151, 10.2337/diacare.24.7.1151 Callaway, 2010, Prevention of gestational diabetes: feasibility issues for an exercise intervention in obese pregnant women, Diabetes Care, 33, 1457, 10.2337/dc09-2336 Oken, 2006, Associations of physical activity and inactivity before and during pregnancy with glucose tolerance, Obstet Gynecol, 108, 1200, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000241088.60745.70 Chasan-Taber, 2009, A randomized controlled trial of prenatal physical activity to prevent gestational diabetes: design and methods, J Womens Health (Larchmt), 18, 851, 10.1089/jwh.2008.1006 Ramos-Leví, 2012, Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus in a large population of women living in Spain: implications for preventative strategies, Int J Endocrinol, 312529 Lee, 2010, Physical activity and weight gain prevention, JAMA, 303, 1173, 10.1001/jama.2010.312 Wiebe, 2015, The effect of supervised prenatal exercise on fetal growth: a meta-analysis, Obstet Gynecol, 125, 1185, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000801 Mottola MF1, 2016, Role of exercise in reducing gestational diabetes mellitus, Clin Obstet Gynecol, 59, 620, 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000211 Simmons, 2017, Effect of physical activity and/or healthy eating on GDM risk: the DALI lifestyle study, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 102, 903 Daly, 2017, A medically supervised pregnancy exercise intervention in obese women: a randomized controlled trial, Obstet Gynecol, 130, 1001, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002267 ACOG, 2015, Committee Opinion No. 650: physical activity and exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period, Obstet Gynecol, 126, e135, 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001214 Barakat, 2016, Exercise during pregnancy protects against hypertension and macrosomia. Randomized Clinical Trial, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 214, 649, 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.039 Barakat, 2018, Exercise during pregnancy is associated with a shorter duration of labor. A randomized clinical trial, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 224, 33, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.03.009 O’Neill, 1992, Accuracy of Borg's ratings of perceived exertion in the prediction of heart rates during pregnancy, Br J Sports Med, 26, 121, 10.1136/bjsm.26.2.121 Institute of Medicine, 2009 Stetzer, 2002, Neonatal anthropometric measurements to predict birth weight by ultrasound, J Perinatol, 22, 397, 10.1038/sj.jp.7210754 Röhrig, 2010, Sample size calculation in clinical trials, Dtsch Arztebl Int, 107, 552 Nobles, 2018, The effect of an exercise intervention on gestational weight gain: the behaviors affecting baby and you (B.A.B.Y) study. A randomized controlled trial, Am J Health Prom, 32, 736, 10.1177/0890117117732409 Da Silva, 2017, A randomized controlled trial of exercise during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: results from the PAMELA study, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 14, 175, 10.1186/s12966-017-0632-6 Sagedal, 2017, Lifestyle intervention to limit gestational weight gain: the Norwegian Fit for Delivery randomized controlled trial, BJOG, 124, 97, 10.1111/1471-0528.13862 Herring, 2016, Preventing excessive gestational weight gain among African American women: a randomized clinical trial, Obesity (Silver Spring), 24, 30, 10.1002/oby.21240 Bacchi, 2017, Aquatic activities during pregnancy prevent excessive maternal weight gain and preserve birth weight: a randomized clinical trial, Am J Health Promot, 32, 729, 10.1177/0890117117697520 Ruiz, 2013, Supervised exercise-based intervention to prevent excessive gestational weight gain: a randomized controlled trial, Mayo Clin Proc, 88, 1388, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.07.020 Wang, 2017, A randomized clinical trial of exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus and improve pregnancy outcome in overweight and obese pregnant women, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 4, 340, 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.037 Garnæs, 2016, Exercise training and weight gain in obese pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial (ETIP Trial), PLoS Med, 13, e1002079, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002079 Barakat, 2013, Exercise during pregnancy and gestational diabetes-related adverse effects: a randomized controlled trial, Br J Sports Med, 47, 630, 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091788 Hawkins, 2015, A pregnancy lifestyle intervention to prevent gestational diabetes risk factors in overweight Hispanic women: a feasibility randomized controlled trial, Diabet Med, 32, 108, 10.1111/dme.12601 Oostdam, 2012, No effect of the FitFor2 exercise programme on blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and birthweight in pregnant women who were overweight and at risk for gestational diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial, BJOG, 119, 1098, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03366.x Korpi-Hyövälti, 2011, Feasibility of lifestyle intervention in early pregnancy to prevent deterioration of glucose tolerance, BMC Public Health, 11, 179, 10.1186/1471-2458-11-179 Luoto, 2011, Primary prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus and large-for-gestational-age newborns by lifestyle counseling: a cluster-randomized controlled trial, PLoS Med, 8, e1001036, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001036