Exercise dependence: a systematic review

Psychology of Sport and Exercise - Tập 3 Số 2 - Trang 89-123 - 2002
Heather A. Hausenblas1, Danielle Symons Downs1
1University of Florida, ESS FLG 146 PO Box 118205, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams, 1997, Exercise dependence: A problem for sports physiotherapists, Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 43, 53, 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60402-5

Adams, 1998, Exercise dependence: A review of its manifestation, theory and measurement, Sports Medicine Training and Rehabilitation, 8, 265, 10.1080/15438629809512532

1994

Anshel, 1991, A psycho-behavioral analysis of addicted versus non-addicted male and female exercisers, Journal of Sport Behavior, 14, 145

Baekeland, 1970, Exercise deprivation: Sleep and psychological reactions, Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 365, 10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01740280077014

Blumenthal, 1984, Is running an analogue of anorexia nervosa? An empirical study of obligatory running and anorexia nervosa, Journal of the American Medical Association, 27, 520, 10.1001/jama.252.4.520

Bonaparte, E. (1989). The relationship between running and object relatedness, narcissism, and body image. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York.

1994

Brehm, 1998, Relation between obligatory exercise and eating disorders, American Journal of Health Behavior, 22, 108

Brewer, H. B. (1994). A psychological investigation of excessive exercising: Measurement issues and personality correlates. Unpublished master's thesis, York University, Ontario, Canada.

Brown, 1993, Some contributions of the study of gambling to the study of other addictions, 241

Buccinio, L. A. (1992). The construction and validation of the Running Dependence Inventory: Measurement of a heretofore elusive construct. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology-Fresno.

Carmack, 1979, Measuring commitment to running: A survey of runners' attitudes and mental states, Journal of Sport Psychology, 1, 25, 10.1123/jsp.1.1.25

Carron, 1998, The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups, 213

Chan, 1988, Psychological effects of running loss on consistent runners, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 66, 875, 10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.875

Chapman, 1990, Running addiction: Measurement and associated psychological characteristics, The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30, 283

Clough, 1989, Motives for participation in recreational running, Journal of Leisure Research, 21, 297, 10.1080/00222216.1989.11969806

Coen, 1993, Psychological characteristics of the obligatory runner: A critical examination of the anorexia analogue hypothesis, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 338, 10.1123/jsep.15.3.338

Cohen, 1995, Video interviews: “Hooked” on exercise, 54

Conboy, 1994, The effects of withdrawal on mood states in runners, Journal of Sport Behavior, 17, 188

Cook, C. A. (1996). The psychological correlates of exercise dependence in aerobics instructors. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.

Corbin, 1987, Commitment to physical activity, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18, 215

Crossman, 1987, Responses of competitive athletes to lay-offs in training: Exercise addiction or psychological relief?, Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 28

Davis, 1990, Weight and diet preoccupation and addictiveness: The role of exercise, Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 823, 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90191-S

Davis, 1993, Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: Necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 611, 10.1007/BF00844722

Davis, 1993, Excessive exercise and weight preoccupation in women, Addictive Behaviors, 18, 201, 10.1016/0306-4603(93)90050-J

Davis, 1995, Obsessive compulsiveness and physical activity in anorexia nervosa and high-level exercising, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39, 967, 10.1016/0022-3999(95)00064-X

De Coverley Veale, 1987, Exercise dependence, British Journal of Addiction, 82, 735, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01539.x

Deeter, 1988, Does attitudinal commitment predict physical activity participation?, Journal of Sport Behavior, 11, 177

de la Torre, 1995, Mens sana in corpore sano, or exercise abuse? Clinical considerations, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 59, 15

Diehl, 1998, Social physique anxiety and disordered eating: What's the connection?, Addictive Behaviors, 23, 1, 10.1016/S0306-4603(97)00003-8

Diekhoff, 1984, Running amok: Injuries in compulsive runners, Journal of Sport Behavior, 7, 120

Dishman, 1998, Exercise psychology, 445

Estok, 1986, Physical, psychosocial, menstrual changes/risks, and addiction in the female marathon and nonmarathon runner, Health Care for Women International, 7, 187, 10.1080/07399338609515735

Farrell, 1998, Exercise commitment and addiction: A fine line, Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 23, 63

Ferguson, R. M. (1991). An analysis of the relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality, running addiction, and running commitment in elite runners. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, Charolottesville.

Finkenberg, 1998, Commitment to physical activity and anxiety about physique among college women, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 87, 1393, 10.2466/pms.1998.87.3f.1393

Flynn, B. R. (1987). Negative addiction, psychopathology, and changes in mood states in runners. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York.

Frederick, 1996, Social physique anxiety: Personality constructs, motivations, exercise attitudes, and behaviors, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 963, 10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.963

Furst, 1993, Negative addiction in male and female runners and exercisers, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 192, 10.2466/pms.1993.77.1.192

Gauvin, 1992, Application of the experience sampling method to the study of the effects of exercise withdrawal on well-being, Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 14, 361, 10.1123/jsep.14.4.361

Glasser, 1976

Hailey, 1982, Negative addiction in runners: A quantitative approach, Journal of Sport Behavior, 5, 150

Harris, 1981, Women runners' views of running, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 395, 10.2466/pms.1981.53.2.395

Hauck, 1992, Obsessive and compulsive traits in athletes, Sports Medicine, 14, 215, 10.2165/00007256-199214040-00001

Hubbard, 1998, Differences among women who exercise for “food related” and “non-food related” reasons, European Eating Disorders Review, 6, 225, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0968(199812)6:4<255::AID-ERV262>3.0.CO;2-G

Iannos, 1997, Personality of the excessive exercisers, Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 775, 10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00254-1

Jibaja-Rusth, M. L. (1989). The development of a psycho-social risk profile for becoming an obligatory runner. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Houston, Houston.

Jacobs, 1993, Evidence supporting a general theory of addiction, 287

Johnson, 1995, Exercise dependence: When runners don't know when to quit, Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 3, 267, 10.1097/00132585-199500340-00003

Kagan, 1987, Addictive personality factors, The Journal of Psychology, 121, 533, 10.1080/00223980.1987.9712681

Kagan, 1985, Addictive aspects of physical exercise, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 25, 227

Kirkby, 1996, Exercise dependence: The relationship between two measures, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 336, 10.1177/003151259608200201

Kline, 1994, A psychometric evaluation of the Exercise Salience Scale, Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 509, 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90078-7

Krejci, 1992, Psychological and behavioral differences among female classified as bulimic, obligatory exercise and normal control, Psychiatry, 55, 185, 10.1080/00332747.1992.11024592

Krelstein, 1983, Is running an analogue of anorexia nervosa?, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 48

Larsen, 1983, Is running an analogue of anorexia nervosa?, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 47, 10.1056/NEJM198307073090111

le Grange, 1993, The link between anorexia nervosa and excessive exercise: A review, European Eating Disorders Review, 1, 100, 10.1002/erv.2400010205

Liberman, 1984, Hematologic abnormalities stimulating anorexia nervosa in an obligatory athlete, The American Journal of Medicine, 76, 950, 10.1016/0002-9343(84)91021-0

Loumidis, 1998, Assessment of beliefs in exercise dependence: The development and preliminary validation of the exercise beliefs questionnaire, Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 553, 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00103-2

Lyons, 1989, Compulsive jogging: Exercise dependence and associated disorder of eating, The Ulster Medical Journal, 58, 100

Manning, 1994, Excessive exercise, family environment and perception of family environment

Martin, 1998, Psychological commitment to exercise and eating disorder symtomatology among female aerobic instructors, The Sport Psychologist, 12, 180, 10.1123/tsp.12.2.180

Masters, 1989, On gender comparison and construct validity: An examination of the commitment to running scale in a sample of marathon runners, Journal of Sport Behavior, 12, 196

Mathews, J. K. (1997). The impact of planned and unplanned layoffs from training on withdrawal symptoms of exercise-addicted individuals. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Mondin, 1996, Psychological consequences of exercise deprivation in habitual exercisers, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, 1199, 10.1097/00005768-199609000-00018

Morgan, 1979, Negative addiction in runners, The Physician and SportsMedicine, 7, 57, 10.1080/00913847.1979.11948436

Morris, 1990, Effects of temporary withdrawal from regular running, Journal of Psychosomantic Research, 34, 493, 10.1016/0022-3999(90)90023-W

Nudelman, 1988, Dissimilarities in eating attitudes, body image distortion, depression, and self-esteem between high-intensity male runners and women with bulimia nervosa, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 625, 10.1002/1098-108X(198809)7:5<625::AID-EAT2260070506>3.0.CO;2-Q

Ogden, 1997, The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire, Addiction Research, 5, 343, 10.3109/16066359709004348

Ogles, 1995, Obligatory running and gender: An analysis of participative motives and training habits, International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 233

Pasman, 1988, Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters, and sedentary individuals, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 7, 759, 10.1002/1098-108X(198811)7:6<759::AID-EAT2260070605>3.0.CO;2-G

Pierce, 1994, Exercise dependence syndrome in runners, Sports Medicine, 18, 149, 10.2165/00007256-199418030-00001

Pierce, 1993, Scores of exercise dependence among dancers, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 531, 10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.531

Pierce, 1993, B-endorphin response to endurance exercise: Relationship to exercise dependence, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 767, 10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.767

Pierce, 1993, Exercise dependence in relation to competitive orientation of runners, The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 33, 189

Pierce, 1998, Exercise dependence among competitive power lifters, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 1097, 10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.1097

Pierce, 1997, Sex differences of exercise dependence for men and women in a marathon road race, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 991, 10.2466/pms.1997.84.3.991

Polivy, 1994, Physical activity, fitness, and compulsive behaviors, 883

Powers, 1998, Comparison of habitual runners and anorexia nervosa patients, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 133, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199803)23:2<133::AID-EAT3>3.0.CO;2-L

Robbins, 1980, Commitment to running: Implications for the family and work, Sociological Symposium, 30, 87

Rudy, 1983, Intensity of jogging: Its relationship to selected physical and psychosocial variables in women, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 5, 325, 10.1177/019394598300500406

Rudy, 1989, Measurement and significance of negative addiction in runners, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 11, 548, 10.1177/019394598901100504

Sachs, 1981, Running addiction, 116

Sachs, 1979, Running addiction: A depth interview examination, Journal of Sport Behavior, 2, 143

Sacks, 1981, Running addiction: A clinical report, 127

Scott-Robertson, L. (1996). A psychological comparison of competitive male bodybuilders and females diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Unpublished master's thesis, York University, ON, Canada.

Seheult, 1995, Hooked on the “buzz”: History of a body-building addict, 40

Sewell, 1995, Exercise addiction, mood and body image: A complex inter-relationship, 34

Slay, 1998, Motivations for running and eating attitudes in obligatory versus nonobligatory runners, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 267, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199804)23:3<267::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-H

Smith, 1998, Measurement of exercise dependence in bodybuilders, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38, 66

Sorento-Gerhart, J. (1997). Excessive exercise in women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology-Berkeley/Amameda, Berkeley.

Spieker, 1996, Exercise dependence in a pregnant runner, Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 9, 118

Stanford, V. A. (1997). Diet and exercise patterns of males 20–30 years old who exercise regularly. Unpublished master's thesis, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Summers, 1982, Middle-aged, non-elite marathon runners: A profile, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 54, 963, 10.2466/pms.1982.54.3.963

Szabo, 1995, The impact of exercise deprivation on well-being of habitual exercisers, The Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 27, 68

Szabo, 1998, Studying the psychological impact of exercise deprivation: Are experimental studies hopeless?, Journal of Sport Behavior, 21, 139

Szabo, 1996, Deprivation feelings, anxiety, and commitment in various forms of physical activity: A cross-sectional study on the internet, Psychologia, 39, 223

Szabo, 1997, Relationship between addiction to running, commitment, and deprivation from running: A study on the internet, European Yearbook of Sport Psychology, 1, 130

Szabo, 1998, Runners' anxiety and mood on running and non-running days: An in situ daily monitoring study, Psychology, Health & Medicine, 3, 193, 10.1080/13548509808402235

Szabo, 1992, Reactivity to written mental arithmetic: Effects of exercise lay-off and habituation, Physiology & Behavior, 51, 501, 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90171-W

Thaxton, 1982, Physiological and psychological effects of short-term exercise addiction on habitual runners, Journal of Sport Psychology, 4, 73, 10.1123/jsp.4.1.73

Thompson, 1991, The obligatory exercise questionnaire, Behavioral Assessment Review, 137

Thornton, 1995, Motivation in the committed runner: Correlations between self-report scales and behaviour, Health Promotion International, 10, 177, 10.1093/heapro/10.3.177

Triola, D. P. (1996). Commitment to physical activity and body image distortion in college students. Unpublished master's thesis, Springfield College.

United States Department of Health and Human Services (1996). Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

Veale, 1995, Does primary exercise dependence really exist?, 1

Wanetka, M. J. (1995). The development of a valid questionnaire to assess exercise dependence. Unpublished thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.

Wells, 1983, Is running an analogue of anorexia nervosa?, New England Journal of Medicine, 309, 47, 10.1056/NEJM198307073090111

Wyatt, L. M. (1997). Obsessive-compulsiveness and disordered eating in obligatory and non-obligatory exercisers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology-Los Angeles.

Yair, 1992, What keeps them running? The “circle of commitment” of long distance runners, Leisure Studies, 11, 257, 10.1080/02614369200390131

Yates, 1999, Measurement of exercise orientation in normal subjects: Gender and age differences, Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 199, 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00121-4

Yates, 1983, Running-An analogue of anorexia?, New England Journal of Medicine, 308, 251, 10.1056/NEJM198302033080504

Yates, 1992, Comparing obligatory to nonobligatory runners, Psychosomatics, 33, 180, 10.1016/S0033-3182(92)71994-X