Exercise and the aging immune system

Agrawal, 2012, Dendritic cells and aging: consequences for autoimmunity, Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 8, 73, 10.1586/eci.11.77 Agrawal, 2009, Increased reactivity of dendritic cells from aged subjects to self-antigen, the human DNA, J. Immunol., 182, 1138, 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1138 Allavena, 2008, Pathways connecting inflammation and cancer, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 18, 3, 10.1016/j.gde.2008.01.003 Anane, 2009, Mobilization of gammadelta T lymphocytes in response to psychological stress, exercise, and beta-agonist infusion, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 823, 10.1016/j.gde.2008.01.003 Andersson, 2009, Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 20, 740, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.03.003 Appay, 2002, Memory CD8+ T cells vary in differentiation phenotype in different persistent virus infections, Nat. Med., 8, 379, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00989.x Appay, 2008, Phenotype and function of human T lymphocyte subsets: consensus and issues, Cytometry A, 73, 975, 10.1002/cyto.a.20643 Armstrong, 2004, Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 on monocytes in human sepsis, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 136, 312, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02433.x Aspinall, 2008, Reversal of age-associated thymic atrophy: treatments, delivery, and side effects, Exp. Gerontol., 43, 700, 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02433.x Astry, 1984, Influenza virus-induced immune complexes suppress alveolar macrophage phagocytosis, J. Virol., 50, 287, 10.1016/j.exger.2008.04.014 Balducci, 2010, Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss, Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 20, 608, 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.015 Barker, 1986, Excess pneumonia and influenza associated hospitalization during influenza epidemics in the United States, 1970-78, Am. J. Public Health, 76, 761, 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.04.015 Barlow, 2006, Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of hypertension incidence among initially normotensive healthy women, Am. J. Epidemiol., 163, 142, 10.2105/AJPH.76.7.761 Bate, 2010, Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988-2004, Clin. Infect. Dis., 50, 1439, 10.1093/aje/kwj019 Bernstein, 1998, Cytokine production after influenza vaccination in a healthy elderly population, Vaccine, 16, 1722, 10.1086/652438 Beshgetoor, 2004, Effect of competitive training on T-cell mediated immune function in Master's female athletes, Int. J. Sports Med., 25, 553, 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00140-6 Bigley, 2011, NK-cells have an impaired response to acute exercise and a lower expression of the inhibitory receptors KLRG1 and CD158a in humans with latent cytomegalovirus infection, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 10.1055/s-2004-820944 Biron, 1999, Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: function and regulation by innate cytokines, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17, 189, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.189 Blair, 1996, Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women, JAMA, 276, 205, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.189 Bosch, 2009, Psychologically adverse work conditions are associated with CD8+ T cell differentiation indicative of immunesenescence, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 527, 10.1001/jama.1996.03540030039029 Brunner, 2010, Persistent viral infections and immune aging, Ageing Res. Rev., 10, 362, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.002 Bruunsgaard, 1999, A high plasma concentration of TNF-alpha is associated with dementia in centenarians, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 54, M357, 10.1016/j.arr.2010.08.003 Bruunsgaard, 1999, Exercise induces recruitment of lymphocytes with an activated phenotype and short telomeres in young and elderly humans, Life Sci., 65, 2623, 10.1093/gerona/54.7.M357 Bruunsgaard, 2000, Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: effects of exercise on the immune system in the elderly population, Immunol. Cell Biol., 78, 523, 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00531-7 Butcher, 2001, Senescence in innate immune responses: reduced neutrophil phagocytic capacity and CD16 expression in elderly humans, J. Leukoc. Biol., 70, 881, 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-14-.x Campbell, 2010, The effects of vaccine timing on the efficacy of an acute eccentric exercise intervention on the immune response to an influenza vaccine in young adults, Brain Behav. Immun., 24, 236, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.001 Campbell, 2009, Acute exercise mobilises CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibiting an effector-memory phenotype, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 767, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.001 Campbell, 2008, Effect of exercise on in vitro immune function: a 12-month randomized, controlled trial among postmenopausal women, J. Appl. Physiol., 104, 1648, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.011 Ceddia, 1999, Differential leukocytosis and lymphocyte mitogenic response to acute maximal exercise in the young and old, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 31, 829, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01349.2007 (CDC), C.f.D.C.a.P., 2011. Update: influenza activity—United States, 2010-11 season, and composition of the 2011-12 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 60, 705–712. Cesari, 2004, Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 59, 242, 10.1093/gerona/59.3.M242 Cherkas, 2008, The association between physical activity in leisure time and leukocyte telomere length, Arch. Intern. Med., 168, 154, 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.39 Chiang, 2007, Modulation of dendritic cells by endurance training, Int. J. Sports Med., 28, 798, 10.1055/s-2007-964914 Chiplunkar, 2009, gammadelta T cells in cancer immunotherapy: current status and future prospects, Immunotherapy, 1, 663, 10.2217/imt.09.27 Church, 2010, Exercise without weight loss does not reduce C-reactive protein: the INFLAME study, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42, 708, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c03a43 Cohrs, 2008, Asymptomatic reactivation and shed of infectious varicella zoster virus in astronauts, J. Med. Virol., 80, 1116, 10.1002/jmv.21173 Colbert, 2004, Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 52, 1098, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52307.x Dardenne, 2009, Growth hormone modulates migration of developing T cells, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1153, 1, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03977.x Davis, 1997, Exercise, alveolar macrophage function, and susceptibility to respiratory infection, J. Appl. Physiol., 83, 1461, 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.5.1461 Davis, 2004, Effects of moderate exercise and oat beta-glucan on innate immune function and susceptibility to respiratory infection, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 286, R366, 10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2003 de Gonzalo-Calvo, 2011, Long-term training induces a healthy inflammatory and endocrine emergent biomarker profile in elderly men, Age (Dordr) DelaRosa, 2006, Immunological biomarkers of ageing in man: changes in both innate and adaptive immunity are associated with health and longevity, Biogerontology, 7, 471, 10.1007/s10522-006-9062-6 Drela, 2004, Moderate exercise may attenuate some aspects of immunosenescence, BMC Geriatr., 4, 8, 10.1186/1471-2318-4-8 Dunne, 2002, Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that re-express CD45RA are apoptosis-resistant memory cells that retain replicative potential, Blood, 100, 933, 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0160 Duzova, 2009, Effects of acute moderate and strenuous exercise bouts on IL-17 production and inflammatory response in trained rats, J. Sports Sci. Med., 8, 219 Edwards, 2007, Eccentric exercise as an adjuvant to influenza vaccination in humans, Brain Behav. Immun., 21, 209, 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.04.158 Edwards, 2006, Acute stress exposure prior to influenza vaccination enhances antibody response in women, Brain Behav. Immun., 20, 159, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.07.001 Elenkov, 2004, Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1024, 138, 10.1196/annals.1321.010 ElKassar, 2010, An overview of IL-7 biology and its use in immunotherapy, J. Immunotoxicol., 7, 1, 10.3109/15476910903453296 Ershler, 1993, Interleukin-6 and aging: blood levels and mononuclear cell production increase with advancing age and in vitro production is modifiable by dietary restriction, Lymphokine Cytokine Res., 12, 225 Evenson, 2003, The effect of cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity on cancer mortality in women and men, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 35, 270, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000053511.02356.72 Fairey, 2005, Randomized controlled trial of exercise and blood immune function in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors, J. Appl. Physiol., 98, 1534, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00566.2004 Ferguson, 1995, Immune parameters in a longitudinal study of a very old population of Swedish people: a comparison between survivors and nonsurvivors, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 50, B378, 10.1093/gerona/50A.6.B378 Fischer, 2007, Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 17, 580 Flynn, 1999, Effects of resistance training on selected indexes of immune function in elderly women, J. Appl. Physiol., 86, 1905, 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.1905 Flynn, 2003, Toll-like receptor 4 and CD14 mRNA expression are lower in resistive exercise-trained elderly women, J. Appl. Physiol., 95, 1833, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00359.2003 Forsey, 2003, Plasma cytokine profiles in elderly humans, Mech. Ageing Dev., 124, 487, 10.1016/S0047-6374(03)00025-3 Franceschi, 2000, Human immunosenescence: the prevailing of innate immunity, the failing of clonotypic immunity, and the filling of immunological space, Vaccine, 18, 1717, 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00513-7 Franceschi, 2000, Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 908, 244, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x Friman, 1998, Acute infection: metabolic responses, effects on performance, interaction with exercise, and myocarditis, Int. J. Sports Med., 19, S172, 10.1055/s-2007-971990 Gano, 2011, Increased proinflammatory and oxidant gene expression in circulating mononuclear cells in older adults: amelioration by habitual exercise, Physiol. Genomics, 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00204.2010 Gatmaitan, 1970, Augmentation of the virulence of murine coxsackie-virus B-3 myocardiopathy by exercise, J. Exp. Med., 131, 1121, 10.1084/jem.131.6.1121 Gayoso, 2011, Immunosenescence of human natural killer cells, J. Innate Immun., 3, 337, 10.1159/000328005 Giunta, 2008, Inflammaging as a prodrome to Alzheimer's disease, J. Neuroinflamm., 5, 51, 10.1186/1742-2094-5-51 Gleeson, 2011, The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 11, 607, 10.1038/nri3041 Goodwin, 2006, Antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly: a quantitative review, Vaccine, 24, 1159, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.105 Grant, 2008, Cardiovascular exercise intervention improves the primary antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in previously sedentary older adults, Brain Behav. Immun., 22, 923, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.01.006 Gueldner, 1997, Long-term exercise patterns and immune function in healthy older women. A report of preliminary findings, Mech. Ageing Dev., 93, 215, 10.1016/S0047-6374(96)01820-9 Haaland, 2008, Is regular exercise a friend or foe of the aging immune system? A systematic review, Clin. J. Sport Med., 18, 539, 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181865eec Harman, 2006, Free radical theory of aging: an update: increasing the functional life span, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1067, 10, 10.1196/annals.1354.003 Hartshorn, 1988, The influenza virus—infected phagocyte. A model of deactivation, Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am., 2, 301, 10.1016/S0889-8588(18)30623-3 Haugen, 2010, IL-7 is expressed and secreted by human skeletal muscle cells, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 298, C807, 10.1152/ajpcell.00094.2009 Hayhoe, 2010, Variation of human natural killer cell phenotypes with age: identification of a unique KLRG1-negative subset, Hum. Immunol., 71, 676, 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.03.014 Heron, 2009, Deaths: leading causes for 2005, Natl. Vital Stat. Rep., 58, 1 Hojman, 2011, Exercise-induced muscle-derived cytokines inhibit mammary cancer cell growth, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 301, E504, 10.1152/ajpendo.00520.2010 Ilback, 1989, Exercise in coxsackie B3 myocarditis: effects on heart lymphocyte subpopulations and the inflammatory reaction, Am. Heart J., 117, 1298, 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90409-2 Ilback, 1984, Modifying effects of exercise on clinical course and biochemical response of the myocardium in influenza and tularemia in mice, Infect. Immun., 45, 498, 10.1128/IAI.45.2.498-504.1984 Issa, 2011, Regulatory T cells as modulators of chronic allograft dysfunction, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 23, 648, 10.1016/j.coi.2011.06.005 Jylha, 2007, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein as predictors of mortality in nonagenarians: the vitality 90+ study, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 62, 1016, 10.1093/gerona/62.9.1016 Kadoglou, 2007, The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil., 14, 837, 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282efaf50 Kapasi, 2003, Effects of an exercise intervention on immunologic parameters in frail elderly nursing home residents, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 58, 636, 10.1093/gerona/58.7.M636 Kiel, 1989, Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in C3H/HeJ mice: description of an inbred model and the effect of exercise on virulence, Eur. J. Epidemiol., 5, 348, 10.1007/BF00144836 Kodama, 2009, Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis, JAMA, 301, 2024, 10.1001/jama.2009.681 Kohut, 2004, Moderate exercise improves antibody response to influenza immunization in older adults, Vaccine, 22, 2298, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.11.023 Kohut, 2001, Moderate exercise is associated with enhanced antigen-specific cytokine, but not IgM antibody production in aged mice, Mech. Ageing Dev., 122, 1135, 10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00255-X Kohut, 1998, Exercise effects on IFN-beta expression and viral replication in lung macrophages after HSV-1 infection, Am. J. Physiol., 275, L1089 Kohut, 2004, Exercise training-induced adaptations of immune response are mediated by beta-adrenergic receptors in aged but not young mice, J. Appl. Physiol., 96, 1312, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00792.2003 Kruger, 2009, Exercise affects tissue lymphocyte apoptosis via redox-sensitive and Fas-dependent signaling pathways, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 296, R1518, 10.1152/ajpregu.90994.2008 Kruger, 2008, Exercise-induced redistribution of T lymphocytes is regulated by adrenergic mechanisms, Brain Behav. Immun., 22, 324, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.008 Kullo, 2007, Markers of inflammation are inversely associated with VO2 max in asymptomatic men, J. Appl. Physiol., 102, 1374, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01028.2006 Larbi, 2007, Oxidative stress modulation and T cell activation, Exp. Gerontol., 42, 852, 10.1016/j.exger.2007.05.004 Lee, 2011, Age-associated alteration in naive and memory Th17 cell response in humans, Clin. Immunol., 140, 84, 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.018 Lencel, 2011, Inflammaging: the driving force in osteoporosis?, Med. Hypotheses, 76, 317, 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.09.023 Libby, 2006, Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, 456S, 10.1093/ajcn/83.2.456S Lopez-Verges, 2010, CD57 defines a functionally distinct population of mature NK cells in the human CD56dimCD16+ NK-cell subset, Blood, 116, 3865, 10.1182/blood-2010-04-282301 Louria, 1959, Studies on influenza in the pandemic of 1957-1958. II. Pulmonary complications of influenza, J. Clin. Invest., 38, 213, 10.1172/JCI103791 Lowder, 2010, Repeated bouts of aerobic exercise enhance regulatory T cell responses in a murine asthma model, Brain Behav. Immun., 24, 153, 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.011 Lowder, 2005, Moderate exercise protects mice from death due to influenza virus, Brain Behav. Immun., 19, 377, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.04.002 Lowder, 2006, Moderate exercise early after influenza virus infection reduces the Th1 inflammatory response in lungs of mice, Exerc. Immunol. Rev., 12, 97 Ludlow, 2008, Relationship between physical activity level, telomere length, and telomerase activity, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 40, 1764, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c92aa Lynch, 1996, Moderately intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men, Arch. Intern. Med., 156, 1307, 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440110073010 Malm, 2004, Exercise immunology: the current state of man and mouse, Sports Med., 34, 555, 10.2165/00007256-200434090-00001 Mantovani, 2008, Cancer-related inflammation, Nature, 454, 436, 10.1038/nature07205 Martin, 2009, Exercise and respiratory tract viral infections, Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., 37, 157, 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181b7b57b Mazzeo, 1998, Immune response to a single bout of exercise in young and elderly subjects, Mech. Ageing Dev., 100, 121, 10.1016/S0047-6374(97)00130-9 Mazzoccoli, 2010, Change of gammadeltaTCR-expressing T cells in healthy aging, Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 24, 201, 10.1177/039463201102400124 McFarlin, 2006, Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 61, 388, 10.1093/gerona/61.4.388 McFarlin, 2004, TLR4 is lower in resistance-trained older women and related to inflammatory cytokines, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36, 1876, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000145465.71269.10 McFarlin, 2005, Chronic resistance exercise training improves natural killer cell activity in older women, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 60, 1315, 10.1093/gerona/60.10.1315 Merino, 2011, Senescent CD14+CD16+ monocytes exhibit proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic activity, J. Immunol., 186, 1809, 10.4049/jimmunol.1001866 Michishita, 2008, Associations of monocytes, neutrophil count, and C-reactive protein with maximal oxygen uptake in overweight women, J. Cardiol., 52, 247, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.07.010 Michishita, 2010, Effect of exercise therapy on monocyte and neutrophil counts in overweight women, Am. J. Med. Sci., 339, 152, 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181c6a980 Mooren, 2002, Lymphocyte apoptosis after exhaustive and moderate exercise, J. Appl. Physiol., 93, 147, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01262.2001 Mota, 2010, Influence of aerobic fitness on age-related lymphocyte DNA damage in humans: relationship with mitochondria respiratory chain and hydrogen peroxide production, Age (Dordr), 32, 337, 10.1007/s11357-010-9138-8 Murphy, 2004, Role of lung macrophages on susceptibility to respiratory infection following short-term moderate exercise training, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 287, R1354, 10.1152/ajpregu.00274.2004 Nickel, 2011, Modulation of dendritic cells and toll-like receptors by marathon running, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Nicklas, 2008, Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 56, 2045, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01994.x Nieman, 1994, Exercise, infection, and immunity, Int. J. Sports Med., 15, S131, 10.1055/s-2007-1021128 Nieman, 1993, Physical activity and immune function in elderly women, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 25, 823, 10.1249/00005768-199307000-00011 Nieman, 1989, Infectious episodes in runners before and after a roadrace, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 29, 289 Nieman, 1990, The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections, Int. J. Sports Med., 11, 467, 10.1055/s-2007-1024839 Nishikawa, 2010, Regulatory T cells in tumor immunity, Int. J. Cancer, 127, 759 Ogawa, 2003, Habitual exercise did not affect the balance of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in elderly people, Mech. Ageing Dev., 124, 951, 10.1016/S0047-6374(03)00167-2 Okutsu, 2008, Exercise training enhances in vivo tuberculosis purified protein derivative response in the elderly, J. Appl. Physiol., 104, 1690, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01044.2007 Ostrowski, 1999, Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans, J. Physiol., 515, 287, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.287ad.x Panda, 2010, Age-associated decrease in TLR function in primary human dendritic cells predicts influenza vaccine response, J. Immunol., 184, 2518, 10.4049/jimmunol.0901022 Pawelec, 2005, Immunosenescence and vaccination, Immun. Ageing, 2, 16, 10.1186/1742-4933-2-16 Pawelec, 2006, Immunity and ageing in man, Exp. Gerontol., 41, 1239, 10.1016/j.exger.2006.09.005 Pawelec, 2010, Immunosenescence and Cytomegalovirus: where do we stand after a decade?, Immun. Ageing, 7, 13, 10.1186/1742-4933-7-13 Pawelec, 2009, Cytomegalovirus and human immunosenescence, Rev. Med. Virol., 19, 47, 10.1002/rmv.598 Pedersen, 2003, Possible beneficial role of exercise in modulating low-grade inflammation in the elderly, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 13, 56, 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.20218.x Pedersen, 2001, Exercise and cytokines with particular focus on muscle-derived IL-6, Exerc. Immunol. Rev., 7, 18 Pedersen, 2003, Circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6-relation to truncal fat mass and muscle mass in healthy elderly individuals and in patients with type-2 diabetes, Mech. Ageing Dev., 124, 495, 10.1016/S0047-6374(03)00027-7 Perna, 1999, Cardiopulmonary and CD4 cell changes in response to exercise training in early symptomatic HIV infection, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 31, 973, 10.1097/00005768-199907000-00009 Phillips, 2010, Resistance training at eight-repetition maximum reduces the inflammatory milieu in elderly women, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42, 314, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b11ab7 Plackett, 2004, Aging and innate immune cells, J. Leukoc. Biol., 76, 291, 10.1189/jlb.1103592 Raso, V., Benard, G., AJ, D.A.S.D., Natale, V.M., 2007. Effect of resistance training on immunological parameters of healthy elderly women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 39, 2152–2159. Ru, 2009, Modulation of NKT cells and Th1/Th2 imbalance after alpha-GalCer treatment in progressive load-trained rats, Int. J. Biol. Sci., 5, 338, 10.7150/ijbs.5.338 Ryanna, 2009, Regulatory T cells in bronchial asthma, Allergy, 64, 335, 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01972.x Sachdev, 2008, Production, detection, and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 44, 215, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.019 Sakaguchi, 2010, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10, 490, 10.1038/nri2785 Sarid, 2002, Human cytomegalovirus salivary antibodies as related to stress, Clin. Lab., 48, 297 Saurwein-Teissl, 2002, Lack of antibody production following immunization in old age: association with CD8(+)CD28(−) T cell clonal expansions and an imbalance in the production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, J. Immunol., 168, 5893, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5893 Schaun, 2011, The effects of periodized concurrent and aerobic training on oxidative stress parameters, endothelial function and immune response in sedentary male individuals of middle age, Cell Biochem. Funct., 29, 534, 10.1002/cbf.1781 Shaikh, 2006, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, membrane organization, T cells, and antigen presentation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84, 1277, 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1277 Shaw, 2010, Aging of the innate immune system, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22, 507, 10.1016/j.coi.2010.05.003 Shaw, 2011, Dysregulation of human Toll-like receptor function in aging, Ageing Res. Rev., 10, 346, 10.1016/j.arr.2010.10.007 Shearer, 1997, Th1/Th2 changes in aging, Mech. Ageing Dev., 94, 1 Shevach, 2009, Mechanisms of foxp3+ T regulatory cell-mediated suppression, Immunity, 30, 636, 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.04.010 Shimizu, 2008, Effect of moderate exercise training on T-helper cell subpopulations in elderly people, Exerc. Immunol. Rev., 14, 24 Shimizu, 2011, Monocyte and T-cell responses to exercise training in elderly subjects, J. Strength Cond. Res., 25, 2565, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fc5e67 Shin, 2008, Exercise training improves the antioxidant enzyme activity with no changes of telomere length, Mech. Ageing Dev., 129, 254, 10.1016/j.mad.2008.01.001 Shinkai, 1995, Physical activity and immune senescence in men, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 27, 1516, 10.1249/00005768-199511000-00008 Simpson, 2011, Aging, persistent viral infections, and immunosenescence: can exercise make space?, Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev., 39, 23, 10.1097/JES.0b013e318201f39d Simpson, 2010, Senescent phenotypes and telomere lengths of peripheral blood T-cells mobilized by acute exercise in humans, Exerc. Immunol. Rev., 16, 36 Simpson, 2008, Senescent T-lymphocytes are mobilised into the peripheral blood compartment in young and older humans after exhaustive exercise, Brain Behav. Immun., 22, 544, 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.11.002 Simpson, 2007, High-intensity exercise elicits the mobilization of senescent T lymphocytes into the peripheral blood compartment in human subjects, J. Appl. Physiol., 103, 396, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00007.2007 Simpson, 2010, Coupling aging immunity with a sedentary lifestyle: has the damage already been done?—a mini-review, Gerontology, 56, 449, 10.1159/000270905 Simpson, 2009, Toll-like receptor expression on classic and pro-inflammatory blood monocytes after acute exercise in humans, Brain Behav. Immun., 23, 232, 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.09.013 Smith, 1999, Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease, JAMA, 281, 1722, 10.1001/jama.281.18.1722 Spielmann, 2011, Aerobic fitness is associated with lower proportions of senescent blood T-cells in man, Brain Behav. Immun., 25, 1521, 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.226 Stowe, 2001, Immune responses and latent herpesvirus reactivation in spaceflight, Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 72, 884 Suchanek, 2010, Intensive physical activity increases peripheral blood dendritic cells, Cell Immunol., 266, 40, 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.08.010 Sun, 2011, NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8(+) T cells, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10.1038/nri3044 Suzui, 2004, Natural killer cell lytic activity and CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) cell distributions during and after intensive training, J. Appl. Physiol., 96, 2167, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2003 Suzuki, 2003, Exhaustive exercise and type-1/type-2 cytokine balance with special focus on interleukin-12 p40/p70, Exerc. Immunol. Rev., 9, 48 Taaffe, 2000, Cross-sectional and prospective relationships of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein with physical performance in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 55, M709, 10.1093/gerona/55.12.M709 Tiainen, 2010, Inflammatory markers and physical performance among nonagenarians, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 65, 658, 10.1093/gerona/glq056 Timmerman, 2008, Exercise training-induced lowering of inflammatory (CD14+CD16+) monocytes: a role in the anti-inflammatory influence of exercise, J. Leukoc. Biol., 84, 1271, 10.1189/jlb.0408244 Turner, 2010, Latent Cytomegalovirus infection amplifies CD8 T-lymphocyte mobilisation and egress in response to exercise, Brain Behav. Immun., 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.07.239 Turner, 2011, Measurement of exercise-induced oxidative stress in lymphocytes, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 39, 1299, 10.1042/BST0391299 Valdes, 2005, Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women, Lancet, 366, 662, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66630-5 van Duin, 2007, Toll-like receptors in older adults, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 55, 1438, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01300.x Wagner, 2011, Impact of endurance and ultraendurance exercise on DNA damage, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1229, 115, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06106.x Walsh, 2011, Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise, Exerc. Immunol. Rev., 17, 6 Wang, 2011, Effect of exercise training intensity on murine T-regulatory cells and vaccination response, Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01288.x Wang, 2005, Effects of exercise intensity on lymphocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in men, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 95, 290, 10.1007/s00421-005-0005-8 Wang, 2010, An association between immunosenescence and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells: a systematic review, Biomed. Environ. Sci., 23, 327, 10.1016/S0895-3988(10)60072-4 Weidner, 1998, The effect of exercise training on the severity and duration of a viral upper respiratory illness, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 30, 1578, 10.1097/00005768-199811000-00004 Wilson, 2009, Circulating T-regulatory cells, exercise and the elite adolescent swimmer, Pediatr. Exerc. Sci., 21, 305, 10.1123/pes.21.3.305 Woods, 1999, Effects of 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training on immune function in the elderly, Mech. Ageing Dev., 109, 1, 10.1016/S0047-6374(99)00014-7 Woods, 2003, Exercise training increases the naive to memory T cell ratio in old mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 17, 384, 10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00030-8 Woods, 2009, Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: the immune function intervention trial, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 57, 2183, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02563.x Xu, 1993, Age-related changes in the expression of IL-2 and high-affinity IL-2 binding sites, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 102, 224, 10.1159/000236530 Yan, 2001, Effect of moderate exercise on immune senescence in men, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 86, 105, 10.1007/s004210100521 Yeh, 2006, Regular tai chi chuan exercise enhances functional mobility and CD4CD25 regulatory T cells, Br. J. Sports Med., 40, 239, 10.1136/bjsm.2005.022095 Yeh, 2009, Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise improves T cell helper function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with an increase in T-bet transcription factor and IL-12 production, Br. J. Sports Med., 43, 845, 10.1136/bjsm.2007.043562