Excitotoxicity in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis: Neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids through CB1 and CB2 receptor activation

Arévalo-Martín, 2003, Therapeutic action of cannabinoids in a murine model of multiple sclerosis, J. Neurosci., 23, 2511, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02511.2003 Baker, 2000, Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model, Nature, 404, 84, 10.1038/35003583 Cabranes, 2005, Decreased endocannabinoid levels in the brain and beneficial effects of agents activating cannabinoid and/or vanilloid receptors in a rat model of multiple sclerosis, Neurobiol. Dis., 20, 207, 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.03.002 Choi, 1992, Excitotoxic cell death, J. Neurobiol., 23, 1261, 10.1002/neu.480230915 Clemente, 2004, Cholinergic elements in the zebrafish central nervous system: histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis, J. Comp. Neurol., 474, 75, 10.1002/cne.20111 Croxford, 2003, Immunoregulation of a viral model of multiple sclerosis using the synthetic cannabinoid R+WIN55,212, J. Clin. Invest., 111, 1231, 10.1172/JCI200317652 Docagne, 2002, Smad3-dependent induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in astrocytes mediates neuroprotective activity of transforming growth factor-beta 1 against NMDA-induced necrosis, Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 21, 634, 10.1006/mcne.2002.1206 Docagne, 2005, Differential regulation of type I and type II interleukin-1 receptors in focal brain inflammation, Eur. J. Neurosci., 21, 1205, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03965.x Domenici, 2006, Cannabinoid receptor type 1 located on presynaptic terminals of principal neurons in the forebrain controls glutamatergic synaptic transmission, J. Neurosci., 26, 5794, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0372-06.2006 Howlett, 2002, International Union of Pharmacology: XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors, Pharmacol. Rev., 54, 161, 10.1124/pr.54.2.161 Jackson, 2005, Cannabinoid-receptor 1 null mice are susceptible to neurofilament damage and caspase 3 activation, Neuroscience, 134, 261, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.045 Kim, 2006, Molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid protection from neuronal excitotoxicity, Mol. Pharmacol., 69, 691, 10.1124/mol.105.016428 Koh, 1987, Quantitative determination of glutamate mediated cortical neuronal injury in cell culture by lactate dehydrogenase efflux assay, J. Neurosci. Methods, 20, 83, 10.1016/0165-0270(87)90041-0 Lastres-Becker, 2005, Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: relevance to Parkinson's disease, Neurobiol. Dis., 19, 96, 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.11.009 Li, 2000, Mechanisms of ionotropic glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in isolated spinal cord white matter, J. Neurosci., 20, 1190, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-03-01190.2000 Lledó, 1999, Dexamethasone regulation of interleukin-1-receptors in the hippocampus of Theiler's virus-infected mice: effects on virus-mediated demyelination, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 372, 75, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00187-9 Matute, 2001, The link between excitotoxic oligodendroglial death and demyelinating diseases, Trends Neurosci., 24, 224, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01746-X McGavern, 2000, Axonal loss results in spinal cord atrophy, electrophysiological abnormalities and neurological deficits following demyelination in a chronic inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis, Brain, 123, 519, 10.1093/brain/123.3.519 Mestre, 2005, Pharmacological modulation of the endocannabinoid system in a viral model of multiple sclerosis, J. Neurochem., 92, 1327, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02979.x Molina-Holgado, 2002, Cannabinoids promote oligodendrocyte progenitor survival: involvement of cannabinoid receptors and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling, J. Neurosci., 22, 9742, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-22-09742.2002 Molina-Holgado, 2005, Neuroprotective effects of the synthetic cannabinoid HU-210 in primary cortical neurons are mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling, Mol. Cell. Neurosci., 28, 189, 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.09.004 Nagayama, 1999, Cannabinoids and neuroprotection in global and focal cerebral ischemia and in neuronal cultures, J. Neurosci., 19, 2987, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-08-02987.1999 Ortega-Gutierrez, 2005, Activation of the endocannabinoid system as therapeutic approach in a murine model of multiple sclerosis, FASEB J., 19, 1338, 10.1096/fj.04-2464fje Panikashvili, 2001, An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is neuroprotective after brain injury, Nature, 413, 527, 10.1038/35097089 Pitt, 2000, Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis, Nat. Med., 6, 67, 10.1038/71555 Pryce, 2003, Cannabinoids inhibit neurodegeneration in models of multiple sclerosis, Brain, 126, 2191, 10.1093/brain/awg224 Puffenbarger, 2000, Cannabinoids inhibit LPS-inducible cytokine mRNA expression in rat microglial cells, Glia, 29, 58, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(20000101)29:1<58::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-W Ramirez, 2005, Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation, J. Neurosci., 25, 1904, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4540-04.2005 Rodriguez-Moreno, 1997, Kainate receptors presynaptically downregulate GABAergic inhibition in the rat hippocampus, Neuron, 19, 893, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80970-8 Rose, 1993, In vitro biological methods, 46 Sánchez-Gómez, 2003, Caspase-dependent and caspase-independent oligodendrocyte death mediated by AMPA and kainate receptors, J. Neurosci., 23, 9519, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-29-09519.2003 Sarne, 2005, Cannabinoids: between neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord., 4, 677, 10.2174/156800705774933005 Sheng, 2005, Synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 inhibits generation of inflammatory mediators by IL-1beta-stimulated human astrocytes, Glia, 49, 211, 10.1002/glia.20108 Smith, 2000, Autoimmune encephalomyelitis ameliorated by AMPA antagonists, Nat. Med., 6, 62, 10.1038/71548 Stys, 2005, General mechanisms of axonal damage and its prevention, J. Neurol. Sci., 233, 3, 10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.031 Trapp, 1998, Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis, N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 278, 10.1056/NEJM199801293380502 Tsunoda, 2003, Axonal injury heralds virus-induced demyelination, Am. J. Pathol., 162, 1259, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63922-3 Walter, 2003, Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid receptors regulate microglial cell migration 3, J. Neurosci., 23, 1398, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-04-01398.2003 Wang, 2005, Astrocyte-associated axonal damage in pre-onset stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Glia, 51, 235, 10.1002/glia.20199