Examining the importance of existing relationships for co-offending: a temporal network analysis in Bogotá, Colombia (2005–2018)

Ben-Akiva M, Litinas N, Tsunokawa K (1985) Continuous spatial choice: the continuous logit model and distributions of trips and urban densities. Transp Res Part A: General 19(2):119–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(85)90022-6 Bichler G, Malm A (2018) Social network analysis. In: Wortley R, Sidebottom A, Tilley N, Laycock G (eds). Routledge Braga AA, Weisburd D, Turchan B (2018) Focused deterrence strategies and crime control: an updated systematic review and metaanalysis of the empirical evidence. Criminol Public Policy 17(1):205–250 Brantingham PL, Ester M, Frank R, Glässer U, Tayebi MA (2011) Co-offending network mining. In: Counterterrorism and open source intelligence. Springer, pp 73–102 Bright D (2015) Disrupting and dismantling dark networks: lessons from social network analysis and law enforcement simulations. In: Gerdes LM (ed), Illuminating dark networks: the study of clandestine groups and organizations. Cambridge University Press, pp 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316212639.004 Bright D, Delaney JJ (2013) Evolution of a drug trafficking network: mapping changes in network structure and function across time. Global Crime 14(2–3):238–260 Bright D, Koskinen J, Malm A (2019) Illicit network dynamics: the formation and evolution of a drug trafficking network. J Quant Criminol 35(2):237–258 Bright D, Whelan C (2020) Organised crime and law enforcement: a network perspective. Routledge, London Burt RS (2005) Brokerage and closure: an introduction to social capital. Oxford University Press, Oxford Campana P, Varese F (2020) Studying organized crime networks: data sources, boundaries and the limits of structural measures. Social networks Carrington PJ (2002) Group crime in Canada. Can J Criminol 44:277 Carrington PJ (2014) Co-offending. In: Bruinsma G, Weisburd D (eds), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Springer New York, pp 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_108 Cavallaro L, Ficara A, De Meo P, Fiumara G, Catanese S, Bagdasar O, Liotta A (2020) Disrupting resilient criminal networks through data analysis: the case of Sicilian Mafia. Plos one 15(8):e0236476 Charette Y, Papachristos AV (2017) The network dynamics of cooffending careers. Soc Netw 51:3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2016.12.005 Coleman JS (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am J Sociol 94:S95–S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943 Cordeiro M, Sarmento RP, Brazdil P, Gama J (2018) Evolving networks and social network analysis methods and techniques. Soc Media J: Trends Connect Implications 101(2) Cornish DB, Clarke RV (2002) Crime as a rational choice. Bridging the past to the future. Criminological theories, pp 77–96 Diviák T, van Nassau CS, Dijkstra JK, Snijders TA (2022) Dynamics and disruption: structural and individual changes in two dutch jihadi networks after police interventions. Soc Netw 70:364–374 Easley D, Kleinberg J (2010) Networks, crowds, and markets, vol 8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Englefield A, Ariel B (2017) Searching for influencing actors in cooffending networks: the recruiter. Int’l J Soc Sci Stud 5:24 Faust K, Tita GE (2019) Social networks and crime: pitfalls and promises for advancing the field. Annu Rev Criminol 2:99–122 Feinberg F, Bruch E, Braun M, Falk BH, Fefferman N, Feit EM, et al (2020) Choices in networks: a research framework. Mark Lett 31(4):349–359 Felbab-Brown V (2013) Focused deterrence, selective targeting, drug trafficking and organised crime: concepts and practicalities. Selective targeting, drug trafficking and organised crime: concepts and practicalities Feld SL (1981) The focused organization of social ties. Am J Sociol 86(5):1015–1035 Felson M (2003) The process of co-offending. Crime Prev Stud 16:149–168 Ficara A, Fiumara G, Catanese S, De Meo P, Liu X (2022) The whole is greater than the sum of the parts: a multilayer approach on criminal networks. Future Internet 14(5):123 Ficara A, Fiumara G, Meo PD, Catanese S (2021) Multilayer network analysis: the identification of key actors in a Sicilian Mafia operation. In: International conference on future access enablers of ubiquitous and intelligent infrastructures, pp 120–134 Gambetta D (2011) Codes of the underworld. In: Codes of the underworld. Princeton University Press, Princeton Gehrke J, Korn F, Srivastava D (2001) On computing correlated aggregates over continual data streams. ACM SIGMOD Rec 30(2):13–24 Gouldner AW (1960) The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement. Am Soc Rev, pp 161–178 Granovetter MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. Am J Sociol 78(6):1360–1380 Grund T, Morselli C (2017) Overlapping crime: stability and specialization of co-offending relationships. Soc Netw 51:14–22 Grund TU, Densley JA (2015) Ethnic homophily and triad closure: mapping internal gang structure using exponential random graph models. J Contemp Crim Justice 31(3):354–370 Hedström P, Swedberg R (1998) Social mechanisms: an introductory essay. Social mechanisms: an analytical approach to social theory, pp 1–31 Hochstetler A (2014) Co-offending and offender decision-making. In: Bruinsma G, Weisburd D (eds) Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. Springer New York, pp 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_111 Holland PW, Leinhardt S (1971) Transitivity in structural models of small groups. Comp Group Stud 2(2):107–124 Hosmer DW Jr, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX (2013) Applied logistic regression, vol 398. Wiley, London INPEC (2021) Registro de la población privada de la libertad. Retrieved 17-05-2021, from https://www.inpec.gov.co/registro-de-la-poblacion-privada-de-la-libertad Iwanski N, Frank R (2013) The evolution of a drug co-arrest network. In: Crime and networks. Routledge, pp 64–92 King G, Zeng L (2001) Logistic regression in rare events data. Polit Anal 9(2):137–163 Kivelä M, Arenas A, Barthelemy M, Gleeson JP, Moreno Y, Porter MA (2014) Multilayer networks. J Complex Netw 2(3):203–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/comnet/cnu016 Malm A, Bichler G (2011) Networks of collaborating criminals: assessing the structural vulnerability of drug markets. J Res Crime Delinq 48(2):271–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427810391535 McCarthy B, Hagan J (2001) When crime pays: capital, competence, and criminal success. Soc Forces 79(3):1035–1060 McCarthy B, Hagan J, Cohen LE (1998) Uncertainty, cooperation, and crime: understanding the decision to co-offend. Soc Forces 77(1):155–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/77.1.155 McFadden D (1974) Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In: Zarembka P (ed) Frontiers in econometrics. Academic Press, New York, pp 105–142 McFadden D (1981) Econometric models of probabilistic choice. Structural analysis of discrete data with econometric applications, 198272 McGloin JM, Nguyen H (2012) It was my idea: considering the instigation of co-offending. Criminology 50(2):463–494 McGloin JM, Piquero AR (2010) On the relationship between co-offending network redundancy and offending versatility. J Res Crime Delinq 47(1):63–90 McGloin JM, Sullivan CJ, Piquero AR, Bacon S (2008) Investigating the stability of co-offending and co-offenders among a sample of youthful offenders. Criminology 46(1):155–188 McGloin JM, Thomas KJ (2016) Incentives for collective deviance: group size and changes in perceived risk, cost, and reward. Criminology 54(3):459–486 Mitzenmacher M (2004) A brief history of generative models for power law and lognormal distributions. Internet Math 1(2):226–251 Molm LD (1997) Coercive power in social exchange. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Morselli C (2009) Inside criminal networks, vol 8. Springer, Berlin Morselli C, Giguère C, Petit K (2007) The efficiency/security trade-off in criminal networks. Soc Netw 29(1):143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2006.05.001 Morselli C, Petit K (2007) Law-enforcement disruption of a drug importation network. Global Crime 8(2):109–130 Newman M (2018) Networks. Oxford University Press, Oxford Nieto A, Davies T, Borrion H (2022) “Offending with the accomplices of my accomplices’’: evidence and implications regarding triadic closure in co-offending networks. Soc Netw 70:325–333 Opsahl T, Hogan B (2011) Modeling the evolution of continuously-observed networks: communication in a facebook-like community. arXiv preprint arXiv:1010.2141 Overgoor J, Benson AR, Ugander J (2019) Choosing to grow a graph: modeling network formation as discrete choice. The World Wide Web Conference Overgoor J, Pakapol Supaniratisai G, Ugander J (2020) Scaling choice models of relational social data. In: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, pp 1990–1998 Papachristos AV (2011) The coming of a networked criminology. Adv Criminol Theory 17:101–140 Plickert G, Côté RR, Wellman B (2007) It’s not who you know, it’s how you know them: who exchanges what with whom? Soc Netw 29(3):405–429 Reiss AJ (1986) Co-offending influences on criminal careers. Criminal careers and career criminals Reiss AJ (1988) Co-offending and criminal careers. Crime Justice 10:117–170. https://doi.org/10.1086/449145 Robins G (2009) Understanding individual behaviors within covert networks: the interplay of individual qualities, psychological predispositions, and network effects. Trends Organized Crime 12(2):166–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-008-9059-4 Sarnecki J (2001) Delinquent networks: youth co-offending in Stockholm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Simonsohn U, Simmons JP, Nelson LD (2020) Specification curve analysis. Nat Hum Behav 4(11):1208–1214 Simonson I, Tversky A (1992) Choice in context: tradeoff contrast and extremeness aversion. J Mark Res 29(3):281–295 Smith TB (2021) Gang crackdowns and offender centrality in a countywide co-offending network: a networked evaluation of operation triple beam. J Crim Just 73:101755 Snijders TA, Van de Bunt GG, Steglich CE (2010) Introduction to stochastic actor-based models for network dynamics. Soc Netw 32(1):44–60 Stadtfeld C, Block P (2017) Interactions, actors, and time: dynamic network actor models for relational events. Sociol Sci 4(14):318–352. https://doi.org/10.15195/v4.a14 Thrasher FM (1963) The gang: a study of 1313 gangs in Chicago. University of Chicago Press Train KE (2009) Discrete choice methods with simulation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Tremblay P (1993) Searching for suitable co-offenders. Routine activity and rational choice, vol. 5, pp 17–36 van Mastrigt SB (2017) Co-offending and co-offender selection. The Oxford handbook of offender decision making, 6, 338. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.21 Van Mastrigt SB, Farrington DP (2011) Prevalence and characteristics of co-offending recruiters. Justice Q 28(2):325–359 Warr M (1996) Organization and instigation in delinquent groups. Criminology 34(1):11–37 Warr M (2002) Companions in crime: the social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social network analysis: methods and applications, vol 8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Weerman FM (2003) Co-offending as social exchange: explaining characteristics of co-offending. Br J Criminol 43(2):398–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.2.398 Weerman FM (2014) Theories of co-offending. Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice 5173–5184. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_110