Examining the Fear of Victimization among Taiwanese Inmates
Tóm tắt
Inmates have reported to have experienced the fear of victimization when they were incarcerated. Prior studies support the association among fear, victimization, and violence in correctional institutes. Research on prisoner’s fear of victimization has tended to focus mainly on either individual or structural factors, but rarely have both sources been examined simultaneously. Moreover, most of what is known about prison victimization and, in particular, inmates’ fear of victimization has emerged from studies among American and European prisoners. This study adds to this line of research by examining the fear of victimization in a large sample of Taiwanese inmates, using multi-level models that explore both individual and architectural factors of custodial institutions. Findings showed that both individual- and aggregate-level variables are important for explaining inmates’ fear of other inmates, whereas the aggregate-level variables are more important for understanding inmates’ fear of correctional officers. Findings also revealed that inmates with different characteristics perceive a distinct fear of victimization in different custody locations. More importantly, findings indicated several unique results within the Eastern context compared to the Western literature. Future research directions and policy implications have been made.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Akers, R., Greca, A., Sellers, C., & Cochran, J. (1987). Fear of crime and victimization among the elderly in different types of communities. Criminology, 25(3), 487–506.
Allison, M. D., & Ireland, J. L. (2010). Staff and prisoner perceptions of physical and social environmental factors thought to be supportive of bullying: The role of bullying and fear of bullying. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 33(1), 43–51.
Alvarez, A., & Bachman, R. (1997). Predicting the fear of assault at school and while going to and from school in an adolescent population. Violence and Victims, 12(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.12.1.69.
Beck, G., & Smith, P. K. (1997). An alternative assessment of the prevalence of bullying among young offenders, in G. Beck, and J. L. Ireland Measuring bullying in prisons. Inside Paychology, 3, 71–77.
Braungart, M. M., Braungart, R. G., & Hoyer, W. J. (1980). Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociological Focus, 13(1), 55–66.
Camp, S., Gaes, G., Langan, N., & Saylor, W. (2003). The influence of prisons on inmate misconduct: A multilevel investigation. Justice Quarterly, 20(3), 501–533.
Cao, Zhao, & Van Dine. (1997). Prison disciplinary tickets: A test of the deprivation and importation models. Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(2), 103–113.
Carson, E. A. & Anderson, E. (2016). Prisoners in 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2016, from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p15.pdf.
Dye, M. (2010). Deprivation, importation, and prison suicide: Combined effects of institutional conditions and inmate composition. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 796–806.
Edgar, K. (2005). Bullying, victimization and safer prisons. Probation Journal, 52(4), 390–400.
Franklin, T. W., Franklin, C. A., & Fearn, N. E. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0069-9.
Ginneken, V., Sutherland, & Molleman. (2017). An ecological analysis of prison overcrowding and suicide rates in England and Wales, 2000–2014. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 50, 76–82.
Gooch, K & Treadwell, J (2015). Prison bullying and victimisation. Birmingham Law School Research Spotlight, University of Birmingham.
Goodwin, R., & Cramer, D. (2000). Marriage and social support in a British–Asian community. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 49–62.
Hayman, S. (2011). Older people in Canada: Their victimization and fear of crime. Canadian Journal on Aging, 30(3), 423–436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980811000225.
Huebner, B. M. (2003). Administrative determinants of inmate violence: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(2), 107–117.
Ireland, J. L. (2005). Prison bullying and fear: Can fear assist with explanations of victim responses? (from bullying among prisoners: Innovations in theory and research, P 129–149, 2005, jane L. ireland, ed.
Ireland, J. L., & Power, C. L. (2009). Fear of bullying among prisoners: Association with experience, psychological distress and respondent sex. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 1(3), 22–36.
Irwin, J., & Cressey, D. R. (1962). Thieves, convicts and the inmate culture. Social Problems, 10(2), 142–155.
Killias, M. (1990). Vulnerability: Towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of fear of crime. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 97–108.
Kollerová, L., & Smolík, F. (2016). Victimization and its associations with peer rejection and fear of victimization: Moderating effects of individual-level and classroom-level characteristics. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(4), 640. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12129.
Kuanliang, A., Sorensen, J. R., & Cunningham, M. D. (2008). Juvenile inmates in an adult prison system: Rates of disciplinary misconduct and violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(9), 1186–1201.
Kuo, S.-Y., Cuvelier, S. J., & Huang, Y.-S. (2014). Identifying risk factors for victimization among male prisoners in Taiwan. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(2), 231–257.
Lahm, K. (2008). Inmate-on-inmate assault: A multilevel examination of prison violence. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(1), 120–137.
Lee, D. R., & Hilinski-rosick, C. (2012). The role of lifestyle and personal characteristics on fear of victimization among university students. American Journal of Criminal Justice : AJCJ, 37(4), 647–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-011-9136-0.
Löckenhoff, C. E., Fruyt, D., Filip, T., Antonio, M., Robert, R., Bolle, D., Marleen, C., Paul, T., et al. (2009). Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychology and Aging, 24(4), 941–954.
McCoy, H., Wooldredge, J., Cullen, F., & Dubeck, P. (1996). Lifestyles of the old and not so fearful: Life situation and older persons' fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 24(3), 191.
McGarrell, E. F., Giacomazzi, A. L., & Thurman, Q. C. (1997). Neighborhood disorder, integration, and the fear of crime. Justice Quarterly, 14, 479–500.
Miethe, T., & McDowall, D. (1993). Contextual effects in models of criminal victimization. Social Forces, 71(3), 741–759.
Miethe, T., & Meier, R. F. (1994). Crime and its social context: Toward an integrated theory of offenders, victims, and situations (SUNY series in deviance and social control). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Morris, R., & Worrall, J. (2014). Prison architecture and inmate misconduct: A multilevel assessment. Crime and Delinquency, 60(7), 1083–1109.
O'Donnell, I., & Edgar, K. (1998). Routine victimisation in prisons. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(3), 266–279.
O'Donnell, I., & Edgar, K. (1999). Fear in prison. Prison Journal, 79(1), 90–99.
Powell, J. L., & Wahidin, A. (2008). Understanding old age and victimisation: A critical exploration. The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 28(3), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330810862160.
Pryor, D. W., & Hughes, M. R. (2013). Fear of rape among college women: A social psychological analysis. Violence and Victims, 28(3), 443–465. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00029.
Schenk, A. M., & Fremouw, W. J. (2012). Individual characteristics related to prison violence: A critical review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), 430–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.005.
Skogan, W., & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions (Sage library of social research. v. 124). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2008). Inmate versus environmental effects on prison rule violations. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(4), 438–456.
Steinke, P. (1991). Using situational factors to predict types of prison violence. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 17(1–2), 119–132.
Sykes, G. (1958). The society of captives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Teasdale, B., Daigle, L. E., Hawk, S. R., & Daquin, J. C. (2016). Violent victimization in the prison context: An examination of the gendered contexts of prison. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(9), 995.
Tew, J., Vince, R., & Luther, J. (2015). Prison culture and prison violence. Prison Service Journal, 221, 15–19.
Warr, M. (1995). Public perception of crime and punishment. In J. Sheley (Ed.), Criminology: A contemporary handbook. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Wener, R. (2006). Effectiveness of the direct supervision system of correctional design and management: A review of the literature. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(3), 392–410.
Wolff, N., & Shi, J. (2011). Patterns of victimization and feelings of safety inside prison: The experience of male and female inmates. Crime and Delinquency, 57(1), 29–55.
Wolff, N., Shi, J., & Bachman, R. (2008). Measuring victimization inside prisons: Questioning the questions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(10), 1343–1362.
Wolff, N., Shi, J., & Siegel, J. (2009a). Understanding physical victimization inside prisons: Factors that predict risk. Justice Quarterly, 26(3), 445–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802427858.
Wolff, N., Shi, J., & Siegel, J. A. (2009b). Patterns of victimization among male and female inmates: Evidence of an enduring legacy. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.469.
Wooldredge, J. D. (1994). Inmate crime and victimization in a southwestern correctional facility. Journal of Criminal Justice, 22(4), 367–381.
Wooldredge, J. D. (1998). Inmate lifestyles and opportunities for victimization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(4), 480–502.
Wooldredge, J., & Steiner, B. (2014). A bi-level framework for understanding prisoner victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30(1), 141–162.
Wooldredge, J., & Steiner, B. (2016). Assessing the need for gender-specific explanations of prisoner victimization. Justice Quarterly : JQ, 33(2), 209–238.
Wooldredge, J., Griffin, T., & Pratt, T. (2001). Considering hierarchical models for research on inmate behavior: Predicting misconduct with multilevel data. Justice Quarterly, 18(1), 203–231.
World Prison Brief- Institute for Criminal Policy Research (2017).
Worrall, J. L., & Morris, R. G. (2011). Inmate custody levels and prison rule violations. Prison Journal, 91(2), 131–157.
Worrall, J. L., & Morris, R. G. (2012). Prison gang integration and inmate violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(5), 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.06.002.
Wright, K. N., & Goodstein, L. (1989). Correctional environments. In L. Goodstein & D. L. MacKenzie (Eds.), The American prison: Issues in research and policy. New Tork: Plenum Press.
Edgar, K. & O'Donnell, I. (1998). Assult in Prison: The ‘Victim's’ Contribution. The British Journal of Criminology, 38(4), 635–650.
Lee, M. C. (2017). The study on exploring possible coping for the prisoner’s structure in correctional institutions. Journal of Corrections, 6(1), 5–39 Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Justice.
Ministry of Justice. (2015). Annual Report. Taipei: Ministry of Justice.
Wu, S. J., & Jia, S. Y. (1984). Introduction to prison architecture. Taitung: Cyun Pin Press.
Chen, Y.-S. (2004). Public order and fear of victimization. Journal of Crime Prevention and Correction Central Police University, 5, 39–58.