Evolution of Grasses and Grassland Ecosystems

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - Tập 39 Số 1 - Trang 517-544 - 2011
Caroline A.E. Strömberg1
1Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;

Tóm tắt

The evolution and subsequent ecological expansion of grasses (Poaceae) since the Late Cretaceous have resulted in the establishment of one of Earth's dominant biomes, the temperate and tropical grasslands, at the expense of forests. In the past decades, several new approaches have been applied to the fossil record of grasses to elucidate the patterns and processes of this ecosystem transformation. The data indicate that the development of grassland ecosystems on most continents was a multistage process involving the Paleogene appearance of (C3and C4) open-habitat grasses, the mid-late Cenozoic spread of C3grass-dominated habitats, and, finally, the Late Neogene expansion of C4grasses at tropical-subtropical latitudes. The evolution of herbivores adapted to grasslands did not necessarily coincide with the spread of open-habitat grasses. In addition, the timing of these evolutionary and ecological events varied between regions. Consequently, region-by-region investigations using both direct (plant fossils) and indirect (e.g., stable carbon isotopes, faunas) evidence are required for a full understanding of the tempo and mode of grass and grassland evolution.

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