Evidence, Defeasibility, and Metaphors in Diagnosis and Diagnosis Communication

Achinstein P (ed) (1983) The concept of evidence. Oxford University Press, Oxford Achinstein P (2001) The book of evidence. Oxford University Press, Oxford Antonelli A (2005) Grounded consequence for defeasible logic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Antoniau G (1997) Nonmonotonic reasoning. The MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) Arfini S, Casadio C, Magnani L (2018) Ignorance-preserving mental models thought experiments as abductive metaphors. Found Sci 1–19 Arroliga AC, Newman S, Longworth DL, Stoller JK (2002) Metaphorical medicine: using metaphors to enhance communication with patients who have pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 137(5):376–379 Åstrand PO et al (2003) Textbook of work physiology. Human Kinetics, Champaign Bambini V, Resta D, Grimaldi M (2014) A dataset of metaphors from the italian literature: exploring psycholinguistic variables and the role of context. PLoS ONE ONE 9(9):e105634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105634 Banks WP, Thompson SC (1996) The mental image of the human body: implications of physiological mental models of our understanding of health and illness. In: Mio JS, Katz AN (eds) Metaphor: implications and applications. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, p 99–126 Beger A (2019) The contested notion of ‘deliberate metaphor’: What can we learn from ‘unclear’ cases in academic lectures? Yearb Ger Cogn Linguist Assoc 7(1):51–66 Bigi S (2016) Communicating (with) care. IOS Press, Amsterdam Biss E (2014) On immunity: an inoculation. Graywolf Press, Minneapolis Black M (1954) Metaphor. Proc Aristotelian Soc 55:273–294 Bowdle B, Gentner D (2005) The career of metaphor. Psychol Rev 112(1):193–216 Brandom R (2000) Articulating reasons. An introduction to inferentialism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA) Brandom R (2008) Between saying and doing. Towards an analytic pragmatism. Oxford University Press, Oxford Brooke Lerner E, Dietricht J, Janicke DM, Moscati RM (2000) Medical communication: do our patients understand? Am J Emerg Med 18(7):764–766 Brown T (2003) Making truth metaphors in science. The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, Urbana Brugman BC, Burgers C, Viset B (2019) Metaphorical framing in political discourse through words vs. concepts: a meta-analysis. Lang Cogn 11(1):41–65 Burgers C, Konijn EA, Steen G (2016) Figurative framing: shaping public discourse through metaphor, hyperbole, and irony. Commun Theor 26:1–21 Cacciari C, Glucksberg S (1995) Imaging idiomatic expressions: literal or figurative meanings. In: Everaert M, Linden EJ, Schenk A, Schreuder R (eds) Idioms: structural and psychological perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale NJ, p 43–56 Carston R (2002) Thoughts and utterances: the pragmatics of explicit communication. Blackwell, Oxford Carston R (2010) Metaphor: Ad Hoc concepts, literal meaning and mental images. Proc Aristotelian Soc 110:295–321 Carston R (2018) Figurative language, mental imagery and pragmatics. Metaphor Symbol 33(3):198–217 Cartwright N (1983) How the laws of physics lie. Clarendon Press, Oxford Cassam Q (2018) Epistemic insouciance. J Philos Res 43:1–20 Chapman K, Abraham C, Jenkins V, Fallowfield L (2003) Lay understanding of terms used in cancer consultations. Psychooncology 12(6):557–566 Charteris-Black J (2012) Forensic deliberations on ‘purposeful metaphor’. Metaphor Soc World 2(1):1–21 Chisholm R (1966) Theory of knowledge. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs Choudalaki A (2018) When a speaker frames with metaphors: the role of source credibility in metaphor framing (MA dissertation) Clarke B, Gillies D, Illari P, Russo F, Williamson J (2013) The evidence that evidence-based medicine omits. Prev Med 57(6):745–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.10.020 Cummings L (ed) (2017) Research in clinical pragmatics. Springer, Berlin Damerall AW, Kellogg RT (2016) Familiarity and Aptness in metaphor comprehension. Am J Psychol 129:49–64 Davidson D (1978) What metaphors mean. Crit Inquiry 5(1):31–47 Deignan A (2011) Deliberateness is not unique to metaphor: a response to gibbs. Metaphor Soc World 1(1):57–60 Dellantonio S, Mulatti C, Pastore L, Job R (2014) Measuring inconsistencies can lead you forward: the case of imageability and concreteness ratings. Front Psychol 5:708 DiFate V (2007) Evidence. In: Fieser J, Dowden B (eds) The internet encyclopedia of philosophy. https://www.iep.utm.edu/evidence Entman R (1993) Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. J Commun 43:51–58 Ervas F (2018) From the “Garrison” to the “Beehive”. Metaphors and framing strategies in vaccine communication. Politeia 130:28–37 Ervas F, Montibeller M, Rossi MG, Salis P (2016) Expertise and metaphors in health communication. Medicina Storia 9–10:91–108 Ervas F, Ledda A, Ojha A, Pierro GA, Indurkhya B (2018) Creative argumentation: when and why people commit the metaphoric fallacy. Front Psychol 9:1815. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01815 Fallowfield L, Jenkins V (1999) Effective communication skills are the key to good cancer care. Eur J Cancer 35(11):1592–1597 Fields AM, Freiberg CS, Fickensher A, Shelley KH (2008) Patients and jargon: are we speaking the same language? J Clin Anesth 20(5):343–346 Frezza G (2016) Metaphor: the good argument in science communication. RIFL 10(2):21–33 Frixione M (2007) Come ragioniamo. Laterza, Roma-Bari Gibbs RW (2011) Are ‘deliberate’ metaphors really deliberate?: a question of human consciousness and action. Metaphor Soc World 1(1):26–52 Gibbs RW (2015) Does deliberate metaphor theory have a future? J Prag 90:73–76 Gibbs RW (2017) Metaphor wars: conceptual metaphors in human life. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gineste MD, Indurkhya B (2000) Emergence of features in metaphor comprehension. Metaphor Symbol 15(3):117–135 Glucksberg S, Estes Z (2000) Feature accessibility in conceptual combination: effects of context-induced relevance. Psychon Bull Rev 7:510–515 Glymour C (1980) Theory and evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ Hadlow J, Pitts M (1991) The understanding of common health terms by doctors, nurses and patients. Soc Sci Med 32:193–196 Hanne M (2015) Diagnosis and metaphor. Perspect Biol Med 58(1):35–52 Hauser DJ, Schwarz N (2015) The war on prevention: Bellicose cancer metaphors hurt (Some) prevention intentions. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 41(1):66–77 Hesse M (1963) Models and analogies in science. Sheed & Ward, London Indurkhya B (2006) Emergent representations, interaction theory and the cognitive force of metaphor. New Ideas Psychol 24:133–162 Jeong SH (2008) Visual metaphor in advertising: is the persuasive effect attributable to visual argumentation or metaphorical rhetoric? J Market Commun 14(1):59–73 Karl J (2014) Love your kidneys. Living Life Well (Autumn): 32 Kelly T (2014) Evidence. In: Zalta EN (ed) The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evidence/ Kittay E (1982) The creation of similarity. Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. Chicago University Press, Chicago p 394–405. Koons R (2017) Defeasible Reasoning. In: Zalta EN (ed) The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-defeasible/ Kuhn T (1979) Metaphor in science. In: Ortony A (ed) Metaphor and thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 409–419 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC (eds) (2005) Robbins and cotran pathological basis of disease XX. Elsevier, Philadelphia Lai VT, Howerton O, Desai RH (2019) Concrete processing of action metaphors: evidence from ERP. Brain Res 1714(2019):202–209 Lakoff G, Johnson M (1980) Metaphors we live by. Chicago University Press, Chicago LeBlanc TL, Hesson A, Williams A, Feudtner C, Ubel PA (2014) Patient understanding of medical jargon: a survey study of U.S. medical students. Patient Educ Couns 95(2):238–242 López Rodríguez CI, Tercedor Sánchez M (2017) Identification and understanding of medical metaphors by non-experts. In: Ervas F, Gola E, Rossi MG (eds) Metaphor in communication, science and education. Mouton De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 217–246 Macagno F, Rossi MG (2019) Metaphors and problematic understanding in chronic care communication. J Prag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.03.010 Macagno F, Zavatta B (2014) Reconstructing metaphorical meaning. Argumentation 28:453–488 Mazzone M (2015) Constructing the context through goals and schemata: top-down processes in comprehension and beyond. Front Psychol 6:651. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00651 Miller RS (2010) Speak up: 8 words and phrases to ban in oncology! Oncol Times 32:20 Müller C (2011) Are ‘deliberate’ metaphors really special?: deliberateness in the light of metaphor activation. Metaphor Soc World 1(1):61–66 Nelson TE, Oxley ZM, Clawson RA (1997) Toward a psychology of framing effects. Polit Behav 19:221–246 O’Connell RL, Hartridge-Lambert SK, Din N, St John ER, Hitchins C, Johnson T (2013) Patients’ understanding of medical terminology used in the breast clinic. Breast 22:836–838 Oswald S, Rihs A (2014) Metaphor as argument: rhetorical and epistemic advantages of extended metaphors. Argumentation 28(2):133–159 Paivio A, Walsh M, Bons T (1994) Concreteness effects on memory: when and why? J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 20(5):1196–1204 Peckham TJ (1994) Doctor, have I got a fracture or a break? Injury 25:221–222 Periyakoil V (2008) Using metaphors in medicine. J Palliat Med 11(6):842–844 Petty RT, Cacioppo JE (1986) Communication and persuasion. Springer, New York Pollock J (1970) The structure of epistemic justification. Am Philos Q 4:62–78 Pollock J (1974) Knowledge and justification. Princeton University Press, Princeton Reijnierse WG, Burgers C, Krennmayr T, Steen GJDMIP (2018) A method for identifying potentially deliberate metaphor in language use. Corpus Pragmatics 2:129–147 Reijnierse WG, Burgers C, Bolognesi M, T, Krennmayr (2019) How polysemy affects concreteness ratings: the case of metaphor. Cog Sci 43:e12779 Reinsch NL (1971) An investigation of the effects of metaphor and simile in persuasive discourse. Speech Monogr 38:142–145 Reiter R (1987) Nonmonotonic reasoning. Ann Rev Comput Sci 2:147–186 Rewiś-Łętowska A (2019) The linguistic, conceptual and communicative dimension of metaphor: a corpus study of conversational Polish. J Prag 153:80–91 Rossi MG (2016) Metaphors for patient education. RIFL 2:34–48 Rossi MG, Macagno F (2019) Coding problematic understanding in patient–provider interactions. Health Commun. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1652384 Sadoski M, Goetz ET, Fritz JB (1993) Impact of concreteness on comprehensibility, interest, and memory for text: implications for dual coding theory and text design. J Educ Psychol 85(2):291–304 Scherer AM, Scherer LD, Fagerlin A (2015) Getting ahead of illness: using metaphors to influence medical decision making. Med Decis Making 35:37–45 Schnitzler L, Smith SK, Shepherd HL, Shaw J, Dong S, Carpenter DM, Nguyen F, Dhillon HM (2017) Communication during radiation therapy education sessions: the role of medical jargon and emotional support in clarifying patient confusion. Patient Educ Couns 100:112–120 Schön DA (1993) Generative metaphor: a perspective on problem-setting in social policy. In: Orthony A (ed) Metaphor and thought. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 137–163 Semino E, Demjen Z, Demmen J (2016) An integrated approach to metaphor and framing in cognition, discourse and practice. Appl Linguist 5:1–22 Semino E, Demjén Z, Hardie A, Payne S, Rayson P (2018) Metaphor, cancer and the end of life. Routledge, New York Skelton J, Wearn AM, Hobbs R (2002) A concordance-based study of metaphoric expressions used by general practitioners and patients in consultation. Br J Gen Pract 52(475):114–118 Sontag S (1978) Illness as metaphor. Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York Sopory P, Dillard J (2002) The Persuasive effects of metaphor. Hum Commun Res 28:382–419 Steen GJ (2008) The paradox of metaphor: why we need a three-dimensional model for metaphor. Metaphor Symbol 23:213–241 Steen GJ (2010) When is metaphor deliberate? In: Johannesson NL, Alm-Arvius C, Minugh DC (eds) Selected papers from the 2006 and 2007 Stockholm Metaphor Festivals. University of Stockholm, Stockholm, pp 109–127 Steen GJ (2013) Deliberate metaphor affords conscious metaphorical cognition. JCS 5(1–2):179–197 Steen GJ (2015) Developing, testing and interpreting deliberate metaphor theory. J Prag 90:67–72 Steen GJ (2017) Deliberate metaphor theory: basic assumptions, main tenets, urgent issues. Intercult Pragmat 14(1):1–24 Steen GJ, Reijnierse WG, Burgers C, von Hecker U (2014) When do natural language metaphors influence reasoning? a follow-up study to Thibodeau and Boroditsky (2013). PLoS ONE 9(12):e113536 Stewart MA (1995) Effective physician–patient communication and health outcomes: a review. Can Med Assoc J 152:1423–1433 Strasser C, Antonelli A (2016) Non-monotonic logic. In: Zalta EN (ed) The stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-nonmonotonic/ Street RL Jr, Makoul G, Arora NK, Epstein RM (2009) How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician-patient communication to health outcomes. Patient Educ Couns 74(3):295–301 Taylor V, Grant J, Danneault V et al (2011) Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginners meditators. Neuroimage 57(4):1524–1533 Thibodeau P, Boroditsky L (2013) Natural language metaphors covertly influence reasoning. PLoS ONE 8:E52961 Thibodeau P, Boroditsky L, Lauwereyns J (2011) Metaphors we think with: the role of metaphor in reasoning. PLoS ONE 6(2):e16782 Thom DH (2001) Physician behaviors that predict patient trust. J Fam Pract 50(4):323–328 Urena JM, Faber P (2010) Reviewing imagery in resemblance and non-resemblance metaphors. Cogn Linguist 21(1):123–149 Wagemans J (2016) Analysing metaphor in argumentative discourse. RIFL 2:79–94 Williams N, Ogden J (2004) The impact of matching the patient's language on satisfaction with the consultation: a randomised control trial. Fam Pract 21:1–6 Wilson D, Carston R (2006) Metaphor, relevance and the ‘emergent property’ issue. Mind Lang 21:404–433 Woodward-Kron R (2008) More than just jargon—The nature and role of specialist language in learning disciplinary knowledge. JEAP 7(4):234–249