Event sustainability and transportation policy: A model-based cluster analysis for a cross-comparison of hallmark events

Adema, 2010, Environmental scanning the future of event design, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 199, 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.017 Agresti, 2007 Ahmed, 2010, Mega-events and environmental impacts: The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Alternation, 17 Andersson, 2013, Commensurability and sustainability: Triple impact assessments of a tourism event, Tourism Management, 37, 99, 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.015 Andranovich, 2001, Olympic cities: Lessons learned from mega-event politics, Journal of Urban Affairs, 23, 113, 10.1111/0735-2166.00079 Arcodia, 2012, Accrediting sustainable event practice, 209 Arnegger, 2016, Economic and destination image impacts of mega-events in emerging tourist destinations, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.11.007 Asensio, 2002, Transport mode choice by commuters to Barcelona's CBD, Urban Studies, 39, 1181, 10.1080/0042098022000003000 Banister, 2008, The sustainable mobility paradigm, Transport Policy, 15, 73, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005 Becken, 2002, Analysing international tourist flows to estimate energy use associated with air travel, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10, 10.1080/09669580208667157 Black, 1996, Sustainable transportation: A US perspective, Journal of Transport Geography, 4, 151, 10.1016/0966-6923(96)00020-8 Black, 2010 Böcker, 2015, En-route weather and place valuations for different transport mode users, Journal of Transport Geography, 47 Boo, 2005, Impact analysis of a tourism festival on tourists destination images, Event Management, 9, 223, 10.3727/152599506776771562 Bracalente, 2011, The economic impact of cultural events: The Umbria Jazz music festival, Tourism Economics, 17, 1235, 10.5367/te.2011.0096 Buckley, 2012, Sustainable tourism: Research and reality, Annals of Tourism Research, 39, 528, 10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.003 Burgan, 2001, Reconciling cost–benefit and economic impact assessment for event tourism, Tourism Economics, 7, 321, 10.5367/000000001101297892 Celeux, 1991, Clustering criteria for discrete data and latent class models, Journal of Classification: Classification Literature Automatic Search Service/plus CLASS, 8, 157, 10.1007/BF02616237 Chen, 2011, Residents' perceptions of the impact of major annual tourism events in Macao: Cluster analysis, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 12, 106, 10.1080/15470148.2011.569877 Chirieleison, 2013, Evaluating local government costs and revenues: The case of an Italian privately owned for-profit event, Tourism Management Perspectives, 8, 90, 10.1016/j.tmp.2013.08.001 Chirieleison, 2013, Measuring the impact of a profit-oriented event on tourism: The Eurochocolate festival in Perugia, Italy, Tourism Economics, 19, 1411, 10.5367/te.2013.0269 Clarke, 1997, A framework of approaches to sustainable tourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5, 224, 10.1080/09669589708667287 Cole, 2009, Examining the festival attributes that impact visitor experience, satisfaction and re-visit intention, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15, 323, 10.1177/1356766709335831 Collins, 2008, Measuring the environmental sustainability of a major sporting event: A case study of the FA Cup final, Tourism Economics, 14, 751, 10.5367/000000008786440120 Collins, 2007, Assessing the environmental consequences of major sporting events: The 2003/04 FA Cup final, Urban Studies, 44, 457, 10.1080/00420980601131878 Collins, 2009, Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?, Tourism Management, 30, 828, 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.006 Collins, 2005, Psychological and situational influences on commuter-transport-mode choice, Environment and Behavior, 37, 640, 10.1177/0013916504265440 Connell, 2015, Visitor attractions and events: Responding to seasonality, Tourism Management, 46 Core Team, 2016 Currie, 2015, Travel demand management and the big scare: Impacts and lessons on travel in London during the 2012 summer Olympic Games, Transportation Research Record, 2469, 11, 10.3141/2469-02 Currie, 2012, Synthesis of transport planning approaches for the world's largest events, Transport Reviews, 32, 113, 10.1080/01441647.2011.601352 Davies, 2010, Measuring attendance: Issues and implications for estimating the impact of free-to-view sports events, International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 12, 11, 10.1108/IJSMS-12-01-2010-B003 De Bres, 2001, Celebrating group and place identity: A case study of a new regional festival, Tourism Geographies, 3, 326, 10.1080/14616680110055439 Delamere, 1997, Development of scale items to measure the social impact of community festivals: Item generation, Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 22, 293 Delamere, 2001, Development of a scale to measure resident attitudes toward the social impacts of community festivals, part I: Item generation and purification of the measure, Event Management, 7 Derrett, 2003, Making sense of how festivals demonstrate a community's sense of place, Event Management, 8, 49, 10.3727/152599503108751694 Devine, 2009, Online destination marketing: Maximising the tourism potential of a sports event, Internationl Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 7, 58 Dickson, 2010, Promoting sustainable event practice: The role of professional associations, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 236, 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.013 Dolf, 2015, Reducing the carbon footprint of spectator and team travel at the University of British Columbia's varsity sports events, Sport Management Review, 18, 244, 10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.003 Dolles, 2010, Addressing ecology and sustainability in mega-sporting events: The 2006 football World Cup in Germany, Journal of Management & Organization, 16, 587, 10.1017/S1833367200001954 Dredge, 2010, Policy for sustainable and responsible festivals and events: Institutionalisation of a new paradigm – A response, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 2, 1, 10.1080/19407960903542235 Dwyer, 2006, Assessing the economic impacts of events: A computable general equilibrium approach, Journal of Travel Research, 45, 59, 10.1177/0047287506288907 Dwyer, 2006, Economic impact of sport events: A reassessment, Tourism Review International, 10, 207, 10.3727/154427206779367118 Dwyer, 2000, A framework for assessing “tangible” and “intangible” impacts of events and conventions, Event Management, 6, 175, 10.3727/096020197390257 Dwyer, 2000, Forecasting the economic impacts of events and conventions, Event Management, 6, 192 Elkington, 1997 Everitt, 2011 Felsenstein, 2003, Local festivals and tourism promotion: The role of public assistance and visitor expenditure, Journal of Travel Research, 41, 385, 10.1177/0047287503041004007 Filo, 2009, The role of web site content on motive and attitude change for sport events, Journal of Sport Management, 23, 21, 10.1123/jsm.23.1.21 Frantzeskakis, 2006, Athens 2004 Olympic Games: Transportation planning, simulation and traffic management, ITE Journal, 76 Franzoni, 2015, Measuring the sustainability performance of the tourism sector, Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 22, 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.05.007 Fredline, 2000, Host community reactions, Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 763, 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00103-6 Fredline, 2001, Residents' reactions to the staging of major motorsport events within their communities: A cluster analysis, Event Management, 7, 103, 10.3727/152599501108751515 Fredline, 2005, Triple bottom line event evaluation: A proposed framework for holistic event evaluation Gaffney, 2013, Between discourse and reality: The un-sustainability of mega-event planning, Sustainability, 5, 3926, 10.3390/su5093926 Getz, 2005 Getz, 2008, Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research, Tourism Management, 29, 403, 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017 Getz, 2009, Policy for sustainable and responsible festivals and events: Institutionalization of a new paradigm, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 2, 1 Getz, 2010, Festival management studies: Developing a framework and priorities for comparative and cross-cultural research, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1, 29, 10.1108/17852951011029298 Getz, 2014, Progress and prospects for event tourism research, Tourism Management, 52, 593, 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.03.007 Getz, 2012, Hallmark events: Definition, goals and planning process, International Journal of Event Management Research, 7, 47 Gold, 2015, Legacy, sustainability and Olympism: Crafting urban outcomes at London 2012, 37, 23 Gössling, 2002, Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability, Ecological Economics, 43, 199, 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00211-2 Gronau, 2007, Key factors for successful leisure and tourism public transport provision, Journal of Transport Geography, 15, 127, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.12.008 Hall, 1989, The definition and analysis of hallmark tourist events, GeoJournal, 19, 263, 10.1007/BF00454570 Hall, 1992 Hall, 2011, Policy learning and policy failure in sustainable tourism governance: From first-and second-order to third-order change?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19, 649, 10.1080/09669582.2011.555555 Hall, 2012, Sustainable mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to mega-event sustainability, Event Management, 16, 119, 10.3727/152599512X13343565268294 Hall, 1996, The party's great, but what about the hangover?: The housing and social impacts of mega-events with special reference to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4, 13, 10.3727/106527096792232414 Hede, 2007, Managing special events in the new era of the triple bottom line, Event Management, 11, 13, 10.3727/152599508783943282 Heitmann, 2010, Sustainability and events management (pp. 181-200) Horng, 2014, How the introduction of concepts of energy saving and carbon reduction (ESCR) can affect festival visitors' behavioural intentions: An investigation using a structural model, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22, 1216, 10.1080/09669582.2014.884100 Hottle, 2015, Toward zero waste: Composting and recycling for sustainable venue based events, Waste Management, 38, 86, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.019 Høyer, 2000, Sustainable tourism or sustainable mobility? The Norwegian case, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8, 147, 10.1080/09669580008667354 Hoyle, 2002 Hu, 2015, Shifts between automobile, bus, and bicycle commuting in an urban setting, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 141, 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000214 Hunter, 1997, Sustainable tourism as an adaptive paradigm, Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 850, 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00036-4 Hunter, 1995 Jago, 1998, Special events: A conceptual and definitional framework, Festival Management and Event Tourism, 5, 21, 10.3727/106527098792186775 Jansen-Verbeke, 2009, The territoriality paradigm in cultural tourism, Tourism, 19, 25, 10.2478/V10106-009-0003-z Jeon, 2005, Addressing sustainability in transportation systems: Definitions, indicators, and metrics, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 11, 31, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2005)11:1(31) Jones, 2014 Kagermeier, 2015, Identifying key factors for the successful provision of public transport for tourism Kass, 1995, Bayes factors, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90, 773, 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476572 Kassens-Noor, 2016, India's new globalization strategy and its consequences for urban development: The impact of the 2010 Commonwealth Games on Delhi's transport system, International Planning Studies, 21, 34, 10.1080/13563475.2015.1114448 Kay Xin, 2016, Comprehending the responsible tourism practices through principles of sustainability: A case of Kinabalu Park, Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 34, 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.018 Kim, 2006, Impacts of environmental values on tourism motivation: The case of FICA, Brazil, Tourism Management, 27, 957, 10.1016/j.tourman.2005.09.007 Kim, 2015, Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation, Tourism Management, 48, 21, 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.015 Kozak, 2008, Information sources available to visitors: A segmentation analysis, Tourism Review, 64, 4, 10.1108/16605370810912173 Kulshrestha, 2004, Emissions and accumulation of metals in the atmosphere due to crackers and sparkles during Diwali festival in India, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 4421, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.044 Kuo, 2006, Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lead during Chinese mid-autumn festival, Science of the Total Environment, 366, 233, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.006 Laing, 2010, How green was my festival: Exploring challenges and opportunities associated with staging green events, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 261, 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.009 Latoski, 2003 Lebret, 2015, Rmixmod: The R package of the model-based unsupervised, supervised and semi-supervised classification mixmod library, Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 241, 10.18637/jss.v067.i06 Lee, 2005, Critical reflections on the economic impact assessment of a mega-event: The case of 2002 FIFA World Cup, Tourism Management, 26, 595, 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.03.002 Lee, 2003, Crowding at an arts festival: Extending crowding models to the frontcountry, Tourism Management, 24, 1, 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00036-5 Lee, 2007, Analytical reflections on the economic impact assessment of conventions and special events, Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 8, 71, 10.1300/J452v08n03_04 Li, 2012, World Expo 2010 public transport integration optimization research, Civil Engineering and Urban Planning, 839 Lim, 2016, Creativity and sustainability in hospitality and tourism, Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 161, 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.02.001 Lindberg, 1997, Rethinking carrying capacity, Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 461, 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80018-7 Litman, 1999, Exploring the paradigm shifts needed to reconcile transportation and sustainability objectives, Transportation Research Record, 1680, 8, 10.3141/1670-02 Litman, 2006, Issues in sustainable transportation, International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 6, 331, 10.1504/IJGENVI.2006.010889 2002 Mair, 2012, The greening of music festivals: Motivations, barriers and outcomes. Applying the Mair and Jago model, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20, 683, 10.1080/09669582.2011.636819 Mair, 2013, Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: The role of sustainability-focused events, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21, 1113, 10.1080/09669582.2012.756494 Masiero, 2013, Tourists intra-destination visits and transport mode: A bivariate probit model, Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 529, 10.1016/j.annals.2013.05.014 McCartney, 2007, From cultural events to sport events: A case study of cultural authenticity in the dragon boat races, Journal of Sport Tourism, 12, 25, 10.1080/14775080701496750 McKercher, 2008, Are short duration cultural festivals tourist attractions?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 55, 10.1080/09669580608668591 McLachlan, 2000 Menezes, 2014, Transportation and urban mobility in mega-events: The case of Recife, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 162, 218, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.202 Moise, 2014, An empirical study of promoting different kinds of events through various social media networks websites, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 98, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.426 Mol, 2010, Sustainability as global attractor: The greening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Global Networks, 10, 510, 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00289.x Montgomery, 2013 Mules, 2005, Public sector support for sport tourism events: The role of cost-benefit analysis, Sport in Society, 8, 338, 10.1080/17430430500087864 Müller, 2015, The mega-event syndrome: Why so much goes wrong in mega-event planning and what to do about it, Journal of the American Planning Association, 1 Muñoz, 2006, Olympic urbanism and Olympic villages: Planning strategies in Olympic host cities, London 1908 to London 2012, The Sociological Review, 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00660.x Musgrave, 2011, Moving towards responsible events management, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Theme, 3, 258, 10.1108/17554211111142211 O'Brien, 2006, Creating sustainable mega event impacts: Networking and relationship development through pre-event training, Sport Management Review, 9, 25, 10.1016/S1441-3523(06)70018-3 Okech, 2011, Promoting sustainable festival events tourism: A case study of Lamu Kenya, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Theme, 3, 193, 10.1108/17554211111142158 O'Reilly, 1986, Tourism carrying capacity: Concept and issues, Tourism Management, 7, 254, 10.1016/0261-5177(86)90035-X O'Sullivan, 2002, Festival tourism: A contributor to sustainable local economic development?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10, 325, 10.1080/09669580208667171 Pérez, 2005, Host community perceptions a cluster analysis, Annals of Tourism Research, 32, 925, 10.1016/j.annals.2004.11.004 Pratiwi, 2015, Quantifying the relationship between visitor satisfaction and perceived accessibility to pedestrian spaces on festival days, Frontiers of Architectural Research, 4, 285, 10.1016/j.foar.2015.06.004 Prayag, 2013, London residents' support for the 2012 Olympic games: The mediating effect of overall attitude, Tourism Management, 36, 629, 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.003 Preuss, 2007, The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies, Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12, 207, 10.1080/14775080701736957 Preuss, 2011, A method for calculating the crowding-out effect in sport mega-event impact studies: The 2010 FIFA world cup, Development Southern Africa, 28, 367, 10.1080/0376835X.2011.595995 Raj, 2009 Raybould, 2000, Counting the herd. Using aerial photography to estimate attendance at open events, Event Management, 6, 25 Richards, 2007, Culture and authenticity in a traditional event: The views of producers, residents, and visitors in Barcelona, Event Management, 11, 33, 10.3727/152599508783943228 Richardson, 2005, Sustainable transport: Analysis frameworks, Journal of Transport Geography, 13, 29, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.11.005 Ritchie, 1984, Assessing the impact of Hallmark events: Conceptual and research issues, Journal of Travel Research, 23, 2, 10.1177/004728758402300101 Ritchie, 1974, Hallmark events: An evaluation of a strategic response to seasonality in the travel market, Journal of Travel Research, 13, 14, 10.1177/004728757401300202 Robbins, 2007, Planning transport for special events: A conceptual framework and future agenda for research, International Journal of Tourism Research, 9, 303, 10.1002/jtr.639 Rollins, 2007, Measuring the social impact of festivals, Annals of Tourism Research, 34, 805, 10.1016/j.annals.2007.01.004 Rubright, 2016, Attraction sustainability in North Carolina and its impact on decision making, Tourism Management Perspectives, 19, 1, 10.1016/j.tmp.2016.04.002 Schneider, 2013, Theory of routine mode choice decisions: An operational framework to increase sustainable transportation, Transport Policy, 25, 128, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.10.007 Schwarz, 1978, Estimating the dimension of a model, The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461, 10.1214/aos/1176344136 Shahin, 2014, Evaluating transportation preferences for special events: A case study for a megacity, Istanbul, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111, 98, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.042 Shanka, 2004, A correspondence analysis of sources of information used by festival visitors, Tourism Analysis, 9, 55, 10.3727/1083542041437602 Sinha, 2003, Sustainability and urban public transportation, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 129, 331, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:4(331) Small, 2007, Social dimensions of community festivals: An application of factor analysis in the development of the social impact perception (SIP) scale, Event Management, 11, 45, 10.3727/152599508783943219 Small, 2005, A flexible framework for evaluating the socio-cultural impacts of a (small) festival, International Journal of Event Management Research, 1, 66 Smith, 2007, Distribution channels for events: Supply and demand-side perspectives, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13, 321, 10.1177/1356766707081009 Smith, 2008, The information mix for events: A comparison of multiple channels used by event organisers and visitors, International Journal of Event Management Research, 4, 24 Smith-Cristensen, 2009, Sustainability as a concept within events Song, 2012, The effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors' decision-making process using an extended model of goal-directed behavior, Tourism Management, 33, 1417, 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.01.004 Stettler, 2011, Sustainable event management of music festivals: An event organizer perspective Taks, 2013, Social sustainability of non-mega sport events in a global world, EJSS. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10, 121, 10.1080/16138171.2013.11687915 Tang, 2009, Institutional constraints on environmental management in Urban China: Environmental impact assessment in Guangzhou and Shanghai, China Quarterly, 152, 863, 10.1017/S0305741000047585 Thompson, 2008, Culture, authenticity and sport: A study of event motivations at the Ulaanbaatar Naadam festival, Mongolia, 233 Thrane, 2015, Examining tourists' long-distance transportation mode choices using a multinomial Logit regression model, Tourism Management Perspectives, 15, 115, 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.10.004 Tukey, 1949, Comparing individual means in the analysis of variance, Biometrics, 5, 99, 10.2307/3001913 Tyrrel, 2005, A methodology for estimating the attendance and economic impact of an open-gate festival, Event Management, 9, 111, 10.3727/152599505774791158 Vos, 2015, Travel mode choice and travel satisfaction: Bridging the gap between decision utility and experienced utility, Transportation Wackernagel, 1998 Waitt, 2003, Social impacts of the Sydney Olympics, Annals of Tourism Research, 30, 194, 10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00050-6 Wang, 2007, The air pollution caused by the burning of fireworks during the lantern festival in Beijing, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 417, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.043 Whitson, 2006, Part 2 the Glocal politics of sports mega-events: Underestimated costs and overestimated benefits? Comparing the outcomes of sports mega-events in Canada and, The Sociological Review, 54, 71, 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00654.x Wilson, 2016, Expanding the domain of festival research: A review and research agenda, International Journal of Management Reviews Wong, 2015, Green events, value perceptions, and the role of consumer involvement in festival design and performance, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23, 294, 10.1080/09669582.2014.953542 Xie, 2004, Visitors'perceptions of authenticity at a rural heritage festival: A case study, Event Management, 8, 151, 10.3727/1525995031436908 Xinhua, 2011, Spectator arrival and departure traffic mode and influence factors in Beijing Olympic games opening and closing ceremony, Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 11, 163, 10.1016/S1570-6672(10)60109-2 Yannis, 2009, Integrated scheme for Olympic village traffic and parking arrangements, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 15, 40, 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2009)15:1(40) Yu, 2009, Measuring residents' attitudes toward sustainable tourism: A reexamination of the sustainable tourism attitude scale, Journal of Travel Research, 3 Yuan, 2013, Adding environmental sustainability to the management of event tourism, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7, 175, 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2013-0024 Zarei, 2014, Informational sources of sport tourists attending ISTAF super series, Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14, 554 Zheng, 2011, Quantifying the economic domain of transportation sustainability, Transportation Research Record, 2242, 19, 10.3141/2242-03 Zheng, 2013, Guidelines on developing performance metrics for evaluating transportation sustainability, Research in Transportation Business & Management, 7, 4, 10.1016/j.rtbm.2013.02.001