Event-related-potential (ERP) reflections of mental resource̊s: a review and synthesis

Baddeley, 1986 Beatty, 1986, Computation, control and energetics, 43 Broadbent, 1971 Brookhuis, 1981, Late positive components and stimulus evaluation time, Biological Psychology, 13, 107, 10.1016/0301-0511(81)90030-2 Clark, 1989, Catecholamines and the covert orientation of attention in humans, Neuropsychologia, 27, 131, 10.1016/0028-3932(89)90166-8 Defayolle, 1971, Averaged evoked potentials in relation to attitude, mental load and intelligence, 141 Donchin, 1978, Multivariate analysis of event-related potential data: a tutorial review, 555 Donchin, 1980, Event-related potentials: approaches to cognitive psychology, 47 Donchin, 1986, Cognitive Psychophysiology and human information processing, 244 Donchin, 1986, Applications of brain event-related potentials to problems in engineering psychology, 702 Duncan-Johnson, 1977, On quantifying surprise: the variation of event-related potentials with subjective probability, Psychophysiology, 14, 456, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01312.x Foote, 1987, Extrathalamic modulation of cortical function, Annals of Neuroscience, 10, 67, 10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.000435 Ford, 1979, Event-related potentials recorded from young and old subjects during a memory retrieval task, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 47, 450, 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90161-5 Ford, 1980, On the utility of P300 latency and reaction time for studying cognitive processes, 661 Ford, 1982, Effectts of perecptual and cognitive difficulty on P3 and RT in young and old adults, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 54, 311, 10.1016/0013-4694(82)90180-8 Gomer, 1976, Evoked potential correlates of visual item recognition during memory scanning tasks, Physiological Psychology, 4, 61, 10.3758/BF03326547 Gopher, 1986, In defense of resources: on structures, energies, pools and allocation of attention, 353 Gopher, 1986, Workload — an examination of the concept, 41.1 Gopher, 1984, S-Oh-R: Oh Stages! Oh Resources!, 231 Gunter, 1995, Language, memory and aging: an electrophysiological exploration of the N400 during reading of memory demanding sentences, Psychophysiology, 32, 215, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02951.x Hansen, 1983, Selective attention to multidimensional auditory stimuli in man, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance, 9, 1, 10.1037/0096-1523.9.1.1 Harter, 1984, Brain mechanisms of visual selective attention, 293 Hebb, 1955, Drives and the conceptual nervous system, Psychological Review, 62, 243, 10.1037/h0041823 Heinze, 1995, Electrophysiological signs of sustained and transient attention to spatial locations, Neuropsychologia, 33, 889, 10.1016/0028-3932(95)00023-V Hillyard, 1978, Sensation, perception and attention: analysis using ERPs, 223 Hillyard, 1981, Selective auditory attention and early event-related potentials: a rejoinder, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 35, 159, 10.1037/h0081155 Hillyard, 1983, Electrophysiology of cognitive processing, Annual Review of Psychology, 34, 33, 10.1146/annurev.ps.34.020183.000341 Hillyard, 1995, Neural systems mediating selective attention, 665 Hink, 1977, The division of attention and the human auditory evoked potential, Neuropsychologia, 15, 597, 10.1016/0028-3932(77)90065-3 Hirst, 1987, Characterizing attentional resources, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 68, 10.1037/0096-3445.116.1.68 Hoffman, 1983, Event-related potentials during controlled and automatic target detection, Psychophysiology, 20, 625, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00929.x Hoffman, 1985, Event-related potentials elicited by automatic targets: a dual-task analysis, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfomance, 11, 50 Hoffman, 1990, Event-related potentials and automatic and controlled processes, 145 Horst, 1987, Event-related potential processing negativities related to workload, 186 Isreal, 1980, P300 and tracking difficulty: evidence for multiple resources in dual-task performance, Psychophysiology, 17, 259, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00146.x Isreal, 1980, The event-related potential as an index of display monitoring workload, Human Factors, 22, 211, 10.1177/001872088002200210 Jonides, 1993, Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET, Nature, 363, 623, 10.1038/363623a0 Jonides, 1981, Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye's movement, Vol. IX, 187 Jonides, 1988, Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 43, 346, 10.3758/BF03208805 Johnson, 1986, A triarchic model of P300 amplitude, Psychophysiology, 23, 367, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00649.x Johnson, 1988, The amplitude if the P300 component of the event-related potential: review and synthesis, Advances in Psychophysiology, 3, 69 Kahneman, 1973 Kok, 1986, Effects of degradation of visual stimuli on components of the event-related potential (ERP) in Go/Nogo reaction tasks, Biological Psychology, 23, 21, 10.1016/0301-0511(86)90087-6 Kok, 1987, Learning where to look: electrophysiological and behavioral indices of visual search in young and old subjects, 204 Kok, 1990, Internal and external control: a two-factor model of amplitude change of event-related potentials, Acta Psychologica, 74, 203, 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90006-2 Kok, 1980, Components of the event-related potential following degraded and undegraded stimuli, Biological Psychology, 11, 117, 10.1016/0301-0511(80)90047-2 Kramer, 1983, An analysis of the processing requirements of a complex perceptual-motor task, Human Factors, 25, 597, 10.1177/001872088302500601 Kramer, 1986, The effects of practice and task structure on components of the event-related brain potential, Psychophysiology, 23, 33, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00590.x Kramer, 1987, A psychophysiological assessment of operator workload during simulated flight missions, Human factors, 29, 145, 10.1177/001872088702900203 Kramer, 1988, Assessing the development of automatic processing: an application of dual-task and event-related brain potential methodologies, Biological Psychology, 26, 231, 10.1016/0301-0511(88)90022-1 Kramer, 1991, Capacity views of human information processing, 179 Kramer, 1991, Task versus component consistency in the development of automatic processing: a psychophysiological assessment, Psychophysiology, 28, 425, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00726.x Kramer, 1995, Assessment of mental workload with task-irrelevant auditory probes, Biological Psychology, 40, 83, 10.1016/0301-0511(95)05108-2 Kutas, 1977, Augmenting mental chronometry: the P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time, Science, 197, 792, 10.1126/science.887923 Lang, 1987, Slow negative potential shifts in a verbal concept formation task, Human Neurobiology, 6, 183 Looren de Jong, 1987, Early and late selection in young and old adults: an ERP study, Psychophysiology, 25, 657 Lorist, 1994, Influence of caffeine on information processing stages in well rested and fatigued subjects, Psychopharmacoloy, 113, 411, 10.1007/BF02245217 Lorist, 1994, The influence of caffeine on selective attention in well rested and fatigued subjects, Psychophysiology, 31, 525, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb02345.x Lorist, 1996, Acute effects of caffeine on selective attention and visual search processes, Psychophysiology, 33, 354, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01059.x Magliero, 1984, On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes, Psychophysiology, 21, 171, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00201.x Mangun, 1990, Electrophysiological studies of visual selective attention in humans, 271 Mangun, 1990, Allocation of visual attention to spatial locations: trade-off functions for event-related brain potentials and detection performance, Perception and Psychophysics, 47, 532, 10.3758/BF03203106 McCallum, 1988, Brain slow potentials and ERP changes with operator load in a visual tracking task, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 69, 453, 10.1016/0013-4694(88)90068-5 McCarthy, 1981, A metric of thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time, Science, 21, 171 Mecklinger, 1992, Event related potentials and EEG components in a semantic memory search task, Psychophysiology, 29, 104, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02021.x Meyer, 1988, Modern mental chronometry, Biological Psychology, 26, 3, 10.1016/0301-0511(88)90013-0 Moran, 1985, Selective attention gates visual processing in the extrastriate cortex, Science, 229, 782, 10.1126/science.4023713 Navon, 1980, Task difficulty, resources and dual-task performance, Vol. VIII, 297 Näätänen, 1979, Early selective attention effects on the evoked potential. A critical review and reinterpretation, Biological Psychology, 8, 81, 10.1016/0301-0511(79)90053-X Näätänen, 1982, Processing Negativity: An evoked-potential reflection of selective attention, Psychological Bulletin, 92, 605, 10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.605 Näätänen, 1992 Norman, 1975, On data-limited and resource-limited processes, Cognitive Psychology, 7, 44, 10.1016/0010-0285(75)90004-3 Okita, 1985, Memory-search and visual spatial attention: an event-related brain potential analysis, Acta Psychologica, 60, 263, 10.1016/0001-6918(85)90058-7 Papanicolaou, 1984, Probe evoked potentials: theory, method and applications, International Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 107, 10.3109/00207458409089800 Parasuraman, 1978, Auditory evoked potentials and divided attention, Psychophysiology, 14, 460, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01416.x Parasuraman, 1985, Event-related brain potentials and intermodal divided attention, 971 Parasuraman, 1990, Event-related brain potentials and human factors research, 279 Pashler, 1992, Dual-task interference and elementary mental mechanisms, Vol. XIV, 245 Paulesu, 1993, The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory, Nature, 362, 342, 10.1038/362342a0 Pelosi, 1995, Is ‘memory-scanning’ time in the Sternberg paradigm reflected in the latency of event-related potentials?, Electroencephalography and Clinical neurophysiology, 96, 44, 10.1016/0013-4694(94)00163-F Peronnet, 1989, Mental rotation: an event-related potential study with a validated mental rotation task, Brain and Cognition, 9, 279, 10.1016/0278-2626(89)90037-7 Pfefferbaum, 1980, Age-related changes in auditory event-related potentials, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 49, 257, 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90220-5 Pineda, 1989, Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on auditory, long-latency, event-related potentials in monkey, Journal of Neuroscience, 9, 81, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-01-00081.1989 Pineda, 1991, Noradrenergic and cholinergic influences on the genesis of P3-like potentials, 165 Posner, 1986, The concept of energy in psychological theory, 23 Posner, 1989, The attention system of the human brain, Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25, 10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 Posner, 1994 Pribram, 1975, Arousal, activation and effort in the control of attention, Psychological Review, 82, 116, 10.1037/h0076780 Robbins, 1995, Arousal systems and attention, 703 Rösler, 1986, Endogenous ERP components and cognitive constructs. A review, 51 Rösler, 1993, Monitoring retrieval from long-term memory by slow event-related brain potentials, Psychophysiology, 30, 170, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb01730.x Rosier, 1995, Patterns of cerebral activation while mental images are rotated and changed in size, Psychophysiology, 32, 135, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03305.x Ruchkin, 1978, Equivocation and P300 amplitude, 175 Ruchkin, 1980, Slow wave and P300 in signal detection, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 50, 35, 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90321-1 Ruchkin, 1983, Positive slow wave and P300: association and dissociation, 233 Ruchkin, 1988, Towards a functional categorization of slow waves, Psychophysiology, 25, 339, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb01253.x Salthouse, 1988, Resource-reduction interpretations of cognitive aging, Developmental Review, 8, 238, 10.1016/0273-2297(88)90006-8 Sanders, 1980, Stage analysis of reaction processes, 331 Sanders, 1983, Towards a model of stress and human performance, Acta Psychologica, 53, 61, 10.1016/0001-6918(83)90016-1 Scheffers, 1991, P300 in patients with unilateral temporal lobectomies: the effects of reduced stimulus quality, Psychophysiology, 28, 274, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb02194.x Scheffers, 1994, Recognition memory and search for attended letters: an event-related potential study, Journal of Psychophysiology, 9, 328 Schneider, 1977, Controlled and Automatic human information processing, I: detection, search and attention, Psychological Review, 84, 1, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.1.1 Schneider, 1984, Automatic and control processing and attention, 1 Schneider, 1985, Toward a model of attention and the development of automatic processing, Vol. XI, 475 Shiffrin, 1977, Controlled and automatic human information processing, II: perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory, Psychological Review, 84, 127, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127 Sillito, 1985, Modulatory and inhibitory processes in the visual cortex, Vision Research, 25, 375, 10.1016/0042-6989(85)90062-8 Sirevaag, 1989, Resource reciprocity: an event-related brain potential analysis, Acta Psychologica, 70, 77, 10.1016/0001-6918(89)90061-9 Sirevaag, 1993, Assessment of pilot performance and mental workload in rotary wing aircraft, Ergonomics, 36, 1121, 10.1080/00140139308967983 Smulders, 1993 Smulders, 1995, The temporal selectivity of additive factors effects on the reaction process revealed in ERP component latencies, Acta Psychologica, 90, 97, 10.1016/0001-6918(95)00032-P Sperling, 1984, A unified theory of attention and signal detection, 103 Squires, 1975, Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophsyiology, 38, 387, 10.1016/0013-4694(75)90263-1 Squires, 1977, On the influence of task relevance and stimulus probability on event-related potential components, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 42, 1, 10.1016/0013-4694(77)90146-8 Strayer, 1990, Attentional requirements of automatic and controlled processing, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 16, 67 Stuss, 1983, Event-related potentials during naming and mental rotation, Electroencephalography and Clinical neurophysiology, 56, 133, 10.1016/0013-4694(83)90068-8 Sutton, 1966, Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential, Science, 155, 1437 Trejo, 1995, Event-related potentials as indices of display-monitoring performance, Biological Psychology, 40, 33, 10.1016/0301-0511(95)05103-1 Ullsperger, 1988, The P300 component of the event-related brain potential and mental effort, Ergonomics, 31, 1127, 10.1080/00140138808966752 Van Dellen, 1985, Evoked potential correlates of practice in a visual search task, 132 Van Voorhis, 1977, Visual evoked potentials and selective attention to points in space, Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 54, 10.3758/BF03206080 Wickens, 1977, The event-related cortical potential as an index of task workload Wickens, 1980, The structure of attentional resources, Vol. VIII, 239 Wickens, 1983, Performance of concurrent tasks: a psychophysiological analysis of reciprocity of information processing resources, Science, 221, 1080, 10.1126/science.6879207 Wickens, 1984, Processing resources in attention, 63 Wickens, 1986, Gain and Energetics in information processing, 373 Wickens, 1987, Attention, 29 Winter, 1995, Auditory event-related potentials (AEPs) to deviant stimuli during drowsiness and sleep, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 96, 398, 10.1016/0168-5597(95)00030-V Wijers, 1987, Visual search and spatial attention: ERPs in focussed and divided attention conditions, Biological Psychology, 25, 33, 10.1016/0301-0511(87)90066-4 Wijers, 1989, Brain potentials during selective attention, memory search and mental rotation, Psychophysiology, 26, 452, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01951.x Yantis, 1990, Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: voluntary versus automatic allocation, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 121 Zeef, 1992, Age-related difference in processing resources